July 8, 1911.] 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
49 
ENGRAVING OF HORSE. DETAIL FROM ORNAMENTAL STAGHORN FOUND AT TEYJAT. 
caverns were found to contain other pictures. 
Since the year 1900 many such discoveries have 
been made and detailed accounts of the pictures 
given. Some of these pictures are engravings 
cut deep in the smooth rock surface, while others 
are more lightly engraved. Many of them were 
made in color, some in black, others in red and 
still others in both. Some of the pictures rep¬ 
resent animals, but there are others which are 
signs and symbols not yet understood. 
The cavern of Altimara is near Santillana and 
consists of a series of great halls united by pas¬ 
sages. The modern entrance to the cavern was 
caused by a cave-in, and an earlier cave-in at 
the close of the quaternary period had closed 
the cavern. Among the pictures drawn are some 
of high artistic excellence, and some of them 
are of great size, varying from five to ten feet 
in length. They represent the bison, wild boar, 
deer, horse and other animals. 
In another cavern in Spain at Cretas, where 
the implements show the presence of palaeolithic 
man, are paintings, one of which represents a 
deer in the act of rising to its feet. 
In the cavern of La Mouthe an explorer named 
Riviere, who had made many investigations, dis¬ 
covered by the light of a match, while lighting 
a cigar, an engraving on the wall. This was the 
beginning of a series of discoveries of much 
interest. Among them was that of a stone lamp 
engraved with a wild goat's head and horn. The 
carbonaceous contents of the lamp led the 
ENGRAVING OF BEAR. FROM THE CAVERN OF LA 
MAIRIE, TEYJAT. 
chemist who analyzed it to conclude that lard 
was used for lighting. Of 109 engravings of 
animals on the walls of the neighboring caves 
of Les Combarelles, there are some forty figures 
of horses and fourteen of the mammoth. 
Obviously, these cave dwellers would represent 
in their paintings the animals with which they 
were most familiar. These are the bison, horse, 
reindeer and mammoth, but there are also pic¬ 
tures of a lion or panther, of a wolf and of 
the hairy rhinoceros, for at that time more than 
one species of rhinoceros existed in Europe. 
Drawings of the bear, lion and rhinoceros are 
se’dom found, but a splendid and most realistic pic¬ 
ture of the cave bear occurs in the cavern of La 
Mairie, Teyjat. Certain implements were beauti¬ 
fully engraved with figures of animals, and a 
perforated prong of stag horn found near Teyjas 
bears a wonderful engraving of a mare followed 
by a colt. The drawing in some respects sug¬ 
gests the existing Pryvalsky horse, supposed to 
be the most primitive of existing horses. 
Most of these old pictures show only the pro¬ 
file of the animal, which is, of course, the 
easiest thing to draw, and to draw in such a 
way that it will be recognized. Nevertheless, 
these palaeolithic artists tried their hands also 
at front views, as shown by a drawing of a deer 
on a piece of reindeer horn, and also at views 
from above. 
There have been found specimens which look 
like writing, pebbles showing painted designs 
which resemble letters as we know them. 
Three years ago a German investigator found 
in a sand pit not far from Heidelberg a human 
lower jaw, and from the same deposits, more 
than seventy-five feet under ground, came the 
bones of the cave lion, a cat, dog, bear, bison, 
beaver, horse, rhinoceros and elephant. This is 
one of the most ancient human bones ever 
found, and a curious thing about it is that 
though the jaw belongs to an adult man, its 
teeth represent a youthful stage in the dentition 
of the modern European. In other words, the 
teeth, though of an adult, resemble the teeth of 
a modern child from nine to fourteen years of 
age. The jaw, like the one found many years 
ago in the cavern of La Naulette in Belgium, 
lacks a chin, and this is true also of the man of 
Spy. where, fortunately, the skull and the lower 
jaw were found together. Other human jaws 
similar in many respects to those of La Nau¬ 
lette and Spy were found in 1899 at Krapina, as¬ 
sociated with a rhinoceros of an older type than 
R. tichorhinus. It appears to be established that 
these similar jaws are intermediate between re¬ 
cent man and that very ancient man of Heidel¬ 
berg, and that the Heidelberg man was older 
RED DRAWING OF RHINOCEROS TICHORHINUS. FROM 
FONT-DE-GAUME. 
than the man of Neanderthal, about which many 
years ago there was such hot discussion, some 
writers declaring that the skull was not that of 
a normal man, but of an idiot. 
In 1908 remains of palaeolithic man were found 
in Southern France, near a village called La 
Chappelle-aux-Saints. With it were found re¬ 
mains of reindeer oison, rhinoceros and other 
animals, and the place may have been the site of 
a burial. At all events, it had never been dis¬ 
turbed. The bones, as shown by the sutures 
and the jaw, were those of an old man about 
five feet four inches in height, with a primitive 
skull, flatter on the frontal and occipital regions 
than the skulls of Neanderthal and Spy. The 
jaw is very large and is quite without a chin. 
Nevertheless the cranial capacity—the size of 
the brain—was not very much—only about 
twenty per cent, less than that of the average 
man of to-day, and this difference exists chiefly 
in the vertical diameter of the skull. In other 
words, the skull of the modern man is higher 
than that of these ancient men—but it must be 
remembered that this was one of the most 
ancient of men. 
A remarkable observation with regard to this 
man has to do with the shape of an articulation 
on one of the bones of the lower leg. The shape 
of this surface indicates that this man walked 
on the outside edge of his foot, somewhat as 
do some of the anthropoid apes. 
In 1909 there was found in a rock shelter at 
La Ferrassie, at a depth of about ten feet, an 
almost entire human skeleton, but a full descrip¬ 
tion of that has not yet been given us. 
The caverns of Grimaldi near Mentone and 
on the Italian side of the international bound¬ 
ary, have yielded many palaeolithic remains. 
From one of them came five human skeletons, 
two of them children; from another came the 
celebrated man of Menton, now in the Natural 
History Museum at Paris; from another came 
two skeletons associated with animals of trop¬ 
ical fauna—the ancient elephant and Merck’s 
rhinoceros—skeletons which have negro char¬ 
acters, thus differing from other skeletons ot 
this age. On the other hand, a little more than 
three feet above this burial place was found a 
