February, ’24] 
RUGGLES: PIONEERING IN ENTOMOLOGY 
37 
In Scandanavia, Linnaeus (1707-1778) was produced. Upon his 10th 
edition, 1758, of Systema Naturae all modern classification is based. 
We know that Linnaeus was one of the greatest of economic entomolo¬ 
gists. Not only did he save the insect infested timber of the Swedish king 
by suggesting that it be immersed in water but he was sent to different 
parts of Sweden to make economic studies on various subjects. Insects 
of economic importance are often discussed in his reports. 
In the next great center, France, perhaps Latreille (1762-1833) was 
the outstanding figure. His contribution to the classification of insects 
was so correct from our standpoint that much of it stands at the present 
day. Reamur (1683-1757) made very careful and painstaking studies 
on the habits and metamorphoses of insects. The name of Cuvier 
(1769-1832),the founder of comparative anatomy, occupies a prominent 
place in biology. Lamarck (1744-1829) was another notable figure 
in the world of classification at that time. 
In England perhaps the culmination of scientific endeavor came in 
Darwin (1809-1882) whom we can consider the first great ecologist. 
Of the English entomologists of last century probably Kirby (1759- 
1850), Spence (1783-1860), Newman, E. (1801-1876), often considered 
the first economic entomologist, Westwood (1805-1893), and Sharp 
(1840-1922) are outstanding. 
In America,the last great center,it remains for the future to determine 
the name of the outstanding example of greatness in biology. 
As this is the 75th anniversary of the A. A. A. S. it is fitting that we 
« 
take a little time and see who the entomologists were who were on the 
stage in 1848 when the A. A. A. S. was founded. Here we will find men 
who were the founders or the real pioneers of economic entomology in 
America. W. D. Peck (1756-1820) and Thomas Say (1787-1834) 
had already passed off the stage. 
Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) was 41 years of age at that time. We 
usually do not think of him as an entomologist. Nevertheless he made 
some remarkable contributions to our smaller field in zoology. 
Ebenezer Emmons (1799-1863) was at that time 49 years old; 
Asa Fitch (1809-1879) was at that time 39; 
S. S. Haldeman (1812-1880) was 36; 
T. W. Harris (1795-1856) was at that time 53; 
J. L. LcConte (1824-1883) was 24, and 
F. E. Melsheimer (1782-1873) was at that time 66 years old. 
These seven men were all enrolled on the membership list of the 
A. A. A. S., in 1848, where the total number is 461. On this list I also 
