68 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 17 
Roumania and Poland. Many entomologists were consulted and many of the forest 
areas in these countries were searched for infestations. 
A suitable gipsy moth infestation in which to work was found at Debrezcen, 
Hungary. The infestation was of medium intensity, located in a mixed growth of 
Locust, Pseudo-acacia L., Quercus pedunculata Willd., Populus and Salix. Over 
100,000 gipsy moth larvae and pupae were collected from which nearly 44,000 parasites 
were obtained and sent or brought to America for liberation and study. A few experi¬ 
ments were carried on at Debrezcen to determine the percentage of insect parasitism 
of dispar. The data obtained from this work indicated that 71 % of the last two larval 
stages were killed by parasites. The following parasites were involved: Parasetigena 
segregata Rond., Blepharipa scutellata R. D. Tachina Larvarum L., Carcelia gnava 
Meig., Lydella nigripes Fall., Zenillia libatrix Panz., Sturmia gilva Hartig., Comp- 
silura concinnata Meig., Apanteles fulvipes Hal. Of the list, P. segregata was by far 
the most abundant parasite reared and killed about 40% of the larvae. 
The authors point out the fact that the predominating parasite in one area will not 
necessarily be the most abundant one in another area and that as many as possible 
of the foreign parasites of the Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail moth should be introduced. 
The benefits derived from the Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail moth parasite introduc¬ 
tion work are not confined to these insects, for several of the introduced speciesare 
attacking many native insects. They were also found attacking vigorously a 
recently introduced European pest, the Satin Moth, Stilpnotia solids L. 
In Europe the Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth have their periods of great 
abundance followed by periods of inconspicuousness. There are at present in 
several places in Central Europe small areas where there are light to medium infesta¬ 
tions of P . dispar and the indications are that dispar is again on the increase in parts 
of Europe. 
This paper pertains to recent work in Europe with the gipsy moth and 
brown-tail moth and their natural enemies. Because of the limited 
amount of time allowed for its presentation, it must be much abridged so 
that very little can be told of the details of the work. Neither can it be 
possible to mention by name many European entomologists who by 
their interest and able assistance made the work more pleasant and 
helped materially in the results accomplished. 
As long ago as 1901, when the State of Massachusetts had discon¬ 
tinued its project of the extermination of the Gipsy Moth, Porthetria 
dispar L., the first 1 steps were taken by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the 
Bureau of Entomology, to introduce into the United States the natural 
enemies of this threatening insect. This start was small and no libera¬ 
tions were made as the insects were dead when received, but it was the 
beginning of a huge experiment which grew to the extent of introducing 
36 2 species of Tachinid and Hymenopterous parasites and 10 3 species of 
Report of the Entomologist, 1901, p. 143. 
2 *Anastatus bifasciatus Fonsc., Apanteles fulvipes Hal., * Apanteles lacteicolor Vier., 
* Apanteles melanoscelus Ratz., Apanteles solitarius Ratz., Apanteles vitripe-nms Hal., 
* Blepharipa scutellata R. D., Carcelia gnava Meig., Chalcis flavipes Panz., Chalcis 
