February, ? 24[ 
CROSSMAN & WEBBER: GIPSY MOTH PARASITES 
69 
beneficial Coleoptera as enemies of the Gipsy and Brown-tail moths. 
The species starred are positively established. It is still possible that a 
few of the above species which are not recorded as established may be 
present although they have not been recovered in many attempts to do 
so. 
In 1905, when the State of Massachusetts and Congress appropriated 
funds for the introduction of the natural enemies of these two dangerous 
insects, the work was continued in large proportions until 1912 when it 
seemed desirable to take account of stock and to give more attention to 
the proper colonization of the species then established and to ascertain 
the possibilities of the new insect friends. 
In 1914 the European work was again started, but had hardly gotten 
under way when the outbreak of the world war made it necessary to dis¬ 
continue all such projects. From that date until the present the force 
at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory has been largely engaged in assisting the 
spread of the established beneficial species and in determining their 
value as enemies of the pests concerned. 
Of the 46 species introduced, 15 are positively established. In 
several instances the original numbers imported were so few that breed¬ 
ing had to be done before enough individuals could be obtained to 
warrant colonization, and in a few cases a sufficient number did not 
arrive to make breeding for liberation possible. Each year since 1912 
the parasites have been colonized further out from Melrose Highlands 
until at present several of them are in the towns on the border of the in¬ 
festation, and one species, Compsilura concinnata , is being recovered 
from native insect hosts 60 miles beyond the Gipsy Moth quarantine 
line. As the species have become established the material for new 
colonies has been obtained by breeding it at the laboratory or by securing 
it from its hosts, and with one species by separating parasitized host 
eggs from the eggs containing host larvae, until at this time approxi- 
obscurata Walk., *Compsilura concinnata Meig., Crossocosmia sericariae Corn., 
Crossocosmia flavascutellata Shiner, Lydella nigripes Fall., Ephialtes examinator Fab., 
Ephialtes compunctor L., Eudoromyia magnicornis Zett., *Eupteromalus nidudans 
Foerst., *Hyposoter disparis Vier., Masicera silvatica Fall., Meteorus japonicus Ash., 
Meteorus pulchricornis Wesm., * Meteorus versicolor Wesm., * Monodontomerus aercus 
Walk., Pales pavida Meig., Parasetigena scgregata Rond., ( Parexorista) *Carcelia 
laxifrons Villen., *Schedius kuvanae How., ( Zygobothria ) * St urmia gilva Hartig, 
{Zygobothria) *Sturmia nidicolor Towns., Tachina japonica Towns., Tachina larvarum 
L., Telenomus phalnenarum Nees., Trichogramma spp., Tricholyga grandis Zett., 
Zenillia libatrix Panz. 
^Calosoma chinense Kirby, Calosoma inquisitor L., Calosoma reticularum Fab., 
*Calosoma sycophanta L., Carabus arvensis Hbst., *Carabus auratus L., *Carabus 
nemoralts Mull., Carabus violaceus L., Carabus glabratus Payk., Procrustes coriaceus L. 
