February, ’24] crossman & Webber: gipsy moth parasites 
73 
fast as these maggots issued they were removed to a box containing 
slightly dampened sawdust and allowed to remain there until ready for 
shipment to America. 
There were about 115,000 gipsy moth larvae and pupae collected, 
from which 43,873 parasites were obtained. This amounts to about 
40% parasitism of the host. The actual percentage of parasitism of the 
large gipsy moth larvae is more correctly shown by the following figures 
which were obtained by careful work from seven small trays, each of 
which contained 100 fifth and sixth stage larvae. Of the 700 larvae, 
498 or 71% were killed by parasites, about 1% died of disease and 28% 
lived through to maturity. The parasites involved were: Parasetigena 
segregata Rond., Blepharipa scutellata R. D., Tachina larvarum L., 
(. Zygobotkria ) Sturmia gilva Hartig, Lydella nigripes Fall, Carcelia 
gnava Meig., Zenillia libatrix Panz, Compsilura concinnata Meig., and 
Apanteles fulvipes Hal. Of the list Parasetigena was by far the best 
parasite, killing nearly 40% of the larvae; B. scutellata followed, killing 
24%; T. larvarum and 5. gilva killed about 3% each. The other para¬ 
sites were of very minor importance in the collections handled. 
Attention should be brought to the fact that the records of parasitism 
were obtained from the large larvae and pupae of the host and that had it 
been possible to make similar collections of the earlier stages, a number 
of other parasites would have been encountered. 
As the parasite material began to accumulate it was necessary to 
prepare it for shipment to America. It was known that the Apanteles 
would issue and die before their arrival in the States unless it was possible 
to ship them by cold storage. With the Tachinids—those species which 
have but a single generation and were to hibernate in their puparia— 
the problem was simple, but for the species which have more than one 
generation, cold storage during transportation was necessary. Several 
methods of packing for shipment were tried. The puparia were packed 
in slightly dampened moss or sawdust, in different types of containers. 
Some packages about 6 in. x 4 in. in size were packed full with alternate 
layers of sawdust or moss and puparia. Other shipments had puparia 
separated in small lots of from 5 or 10 to 100 in pill boxes with sawdust 
or moss. When the packages were ready for shipment they were either 
carried or sent by mail to the coast where they were repacked if necessary 
and placed in cold storage on steamers for America. 
A few small lots of Apanteles cocoons and Tachinid puparia were 
sent from Debrezcen by mail direct to Melrose Highlands, Mass. These 
were in specially constructed containers 8 in. x 2 in. x 2 in., so made that 
