October, ’24] hayes and mccolloch: biology of anomala kansana 589 
frequently seen during the day. In figures 15 and 16 the mean night tem¬ 
peratures are compared with the larval migration as indicated from 
daily recoveries from migration traps. Night temperatures are used in 
preference to means for 24 hour days because it is the temperature of the 
hours from dusk to dawn that influences directly the activity of the 
larvae, since it is then that the larval migration takes place. The mean 
night temperature was obtained by averaging readings of 8 P. M., 10 
P. M., 12 P. M., 2 A. M. and 4 A. M. In the case of the spring migra¬ 
tion (Fig. 16), the progress of pupation is shown and it is interesting to 
note that some larvae continue to migrate after pupation is well advanced. 
A study of these figures will show that usually the extent of the migra¬ 
tion on any night bears a distinct relation to the mean night tempera¬ 
ture, becoming most heavy as a rule when the mean night temperature 
approaches or exceeds 60 degrees F. 
Conclusions 
Migration of larvae of the European corn borer may in times of great 
abundance of the insect, be extensive, the larvae moving in the fall to 
seek fresh food and to locate desirable winter quarters and in the spring 
to find favorable places for transformation to adults. 
Such migrating larvae may successfully pass the winter in rolled up 
leaves, under the bark of trees, in burrows in wood, or in plants not 
favored as food plants and may in such locations successfully transform 
to adults. 
When migration to such locations is at all extensive and when it takes 
place in the fall before crop remnants are destroyed by burning or other 
means, the effectiveness of such control measures is considerably re¬ 
duced since a sufficient number of larvae may survive to cause a de¬ 
structive infestation the following year. 
THE BIOLOGY OF ANOMALA KANSANA (SCARABAEIDAE, 
COLEOP.) 
By Wm. P. Hayes and J. W. McColloch, 
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station 
Abstract 
This paper discusses the economic importance of this recently described species. 
Its life history, with the length of the various developmental stages, is considered. It 
is found to have a one-year life cycle. The adults appear in June and July. Eggs 
are laid in the soil and the larvae live over winter. Pupation occurs in late May, 
June, and early July. 
