592 
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 17 
found on food plants one day earlier (June 12) than at lights and in 1923 
they were found three days earlier (June 20) on sorghum and wheat 
plants. The length of the flight period in 1921 was shorter than the 
other two flights extending over a period of only 17 days. In 1922, the 
flight period was 33 days and in 1923, 26 days, making an average flight 
period for the three years of approximately 25 days. 
The adults apparently exhibit no strong preference for any certain 
type of soil. As previously stated, most of the grubs have been collected 
in wheat fields, but they have also been found in corn land, both on up¬ 
land and lowland, in sandy dunes along the Kansas river, in sod land, 
and in rocky woodland. 
Mating was observed in the laboratory only, when it was noted to 
occur on the surface of the soil in rearing cages in the late afternoon. 
In 1921, the first eggs laid in laboratory cages were found on June 15, 
only three days after the first appearance of flight was noted. In 1922, 
the first eggs were found June 14, five days after appearing at lights and 
in 1923 the first eggs were observed June 26, being 6 days from the time 
they were first noted on food plants. From this it can be conjectured 
that the pre-oviposition period is relatively short or that mating may 
occur in the soil before emergence, which fact seems doubtful, notwith¬ 
standing the fact that the Scarabaeid genera Ligyrus and Ligyrodes 
mate in the soil. Females were observed mating after oviposition had 
occurred. 
Egg. The eggs are laid in the soil, and, like other Scarabasid eggs, in¬ 
crease somewhat in size after being deposited. The number of eggs laid 
by a female was not noted, but one dissected female was observed to con¬ 
tain 26 full sized eggs. When freshly laid, the eggs are about one milli¬ 
meter wide and 2.25 millimeters long. They are milky white in color, 
elongate oval in shape, changing to a more spherical shape as develop¬ 
ment proceeds. 
Egg laying began in 1921 on June 15; in 1922 on June 14, and in 1923 
on June 26. The length of the egg stage varied from nine to 19 days 
with quite different averages for the four seasons observed. The maxi¬ 
mum, minimum and average periods of egg development for the years 
1920 to 1923 are shown in Table II. 
Larva. The larvae of Anomala kansana closely resemble the larvae 
of other species of this genus and have much in common with other 
grubs of the family Scarabaeidae. Upon hatching, the young larvae 
are about twice the length of the eggs from which they emerge and when 
fully grown are about 24 millimeters long and seven millimeters wide 
