268 
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 17 
treated with wettable sulfur, bordeaux mixture or dust mixtures, as 
revealed by the number, contour and color of the leaves. Likewise, the 
fruits may be affected exhibiting russeted netting and blotches or dark, 
discolored, circular areas known as “sun scald,” “spray bum,” etc. 
Bordeaux mixture also displays limitations since it may produce 
spotting of the leaves as well as marginal injuries, while the fruits may be 
russeted and distorted. 
Growers, generally, are familiar with the effects of these two sprays 
and, pending the discovery of more desirable substitutes, seem willing to 
take chances of injury even tho in occasional years damage of an im¬ 
portant extent may be sustained. 
In the State of New York lime-sulfur is used extensively for the 
treatment of fruit trees, and for certain purposes there is no material 
which is quite its equal. From the standpoint of foliage treatment, 
however, there is need of a new spray equally effective as an insecticide 
and fungicide or some method should be developed of handling lime- 
sulfur which will render it more safe to foliage. For these reasons the 
Geneva Experiment Station has been testing for two seasons different 
formulas of “wettable sulfur” or “dry mix” sprays as possible substitutes 
for lime-sulfur, as well as hydrated lime, calcium caseinate and glue to 
determine their value in reducing the injurious properties of the lime- 
sulfur spray. It should also be noted that little or no consideration has 
been given to the problem of determining the accumulative effects of 
different systems of treatment, so provision was made to ascertain the 
effects of successive treatments of lime-sulfur and other materials on 
the productiveness of trees over a period of years. 
In the experiments herein described, the spray materials were used at 
standard strengths, namely, lime-sulfur solution for foliage applications 
at the rate of 2.5 gal., to 100 gals., of water, and powdered lead arsenate 
3 lbs., to 100 gals. Except as indicated, the formula for the “wettable 
sulfur” or “dry mix” spray was 4 lbs., lime hydrate, 8 lbs., sulfur, 1.5 
lbs., powdered lead arsenate and 50 gals, water. Glue and calcium 
caseinate were used as spreaders at the rate of 4 ozs., glue or 1 lb., cal¬ 
cium caseinate to 100 gals, unless different amounts are indicated. 
The apple trees under treatment belonged to the variety Greening and 
were 25 years old. The spray mixtures were applied at the rate of 10 
gals., per tree and 5 applications, which includes the delayed dormant 
treatment, were made during the season, as provided in the standard 
spraying schedule. The dust mixtures were used as stated in Table 1. 
The more important data relative to injuries to fruit and foliage 
