371 
June, ’24] severin: beet leafhopper enemies 
III. Predaceous and Parasitic Enemies of Beet Leafhopper 
According to Hartung (5) three predaceous bugs prey on the beet 
leafhopper in California: Neides muticus Say; Zelns socius Uhl.; and 
Reduvicolus kalmii Reut. Spiders were noticed by the writer feeding on 
the hoppers in the field. In the greenhouse control measures must be 
adopted against the Argentine ant (. Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr.) which 
enter the cages, kill the nymphs and occasionally the adults, and carry 
them to their nests. In cages the green lacewing larva ( Chrysopa 
californica Coq.) devours the leafhoppers. Specimens of Geocoris 
pallens Stal were frequently seen sucking out the juices of nymphs and 
adults. A reddish mite attached to the body of the beet leafhopper was 
sometimes observed. 
Egg Parasites. —Hartung (5) bred three egg parasites from the egg 
of the beet leafhopper determined by A. A. Girault as follows: Abella 
subflava Girault; Anaphes sp. near hercules; and Gonatocerus sp. 
The last two egg parasites emerged from eggs of the beet leafhopper from 
Ravendale, Lassen County, California. Stahl (10) bred Abella sub¬ 
flava Girault at Riverside and calls attention to the fact that this was a 
primary egg parasite and not a hyper-parasite as Hartung (5) states. 
Stahl (10) reared two other egg parasites, Polynema eutettixi Girault and 
Anagrus giraulti Craw., at Spreckels and Riverside. The writer bred 
four egg parasites from the eggs of the beet leafhopper in the San Joaquin 
Valley as follows: Polynema eutettixi Girault; Anagrus giraulti Craw.; 
Apelinoidea plutella Girault; and Anthemiella rex Girault. These egg 
parasites were reared more abundantly from eggs deposited by the beet 
leafhopper in saltbushes (Atriplexes) than in sugar beets. 
Parasites of Nymphs and Adults. —Two parasitic flies were bred 
from the beet leafhopper,— Pipunculus vagabundus Knab and P. 
industrius Knab. A wingless ant-like wasp ( Gonatopus contortulus 
Patton) and the winged male were bred from the beet leafhopper. 
A parasitic hair-worm belonging to the Gordiaceae emerged and was also 
dissected on rare occasions from the beet leafhopper. A case of double 
parasitism by a hair-worm and a Pipunculus larva occurred in the ab¬ 
domen of a single dark overwintering female collected on the foothills 
near King City in the Salinas Valley on November 28, 1918. The beet 
leafhopper was also parasitized by an occasional Stylops which was not 
bred. 
The Pipunculus flies deposit an egg in the nymph or adult beet leaf¬ 
hopper. The egg hatches into a larva or maggot which feeds within the 
abdomen of the hopper. When the larva is full-grown it bores out 
