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JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 17 
inconvenience, expense, and loss that such quarantines may occasion. Such quaran¬ 
tines may be divided into the following classes: First, restrictive quarantines. These 
should be employed whenever their action will sufficiently accomplish the purpose 
sought. Restrictive quarantines are believed to be sufficient for the following sub¬ 
jects: (a) Where adequate safeguards by inspection and treatment are believed 
to be feasible, (b) For diseases or pests of long establishment or of wide distribution, 
where retardation of spread is believed to be the only object that is practicable of 
accomplishment, (c) For diseases or pests of minor economic significance which can be 
at least partially controlled by inspection without heavy expenditure and without en¬ 
tailing heavy losses. Second, embargoes. These should be employed only where 
restrictive quarantines are inadequate. The employment of an embargo may be 
justified in cases where the infection or infestation is of such types as: (a) The pres¬ 
ence of which can not with reasonable certainty always be determined by inspection; 
for example, white pine blister rust, citrus canker, Oriental peach moth, and satin 
moth; (b) Where the volume or nature of the material involved makes efficient 
inspection economically impracticable; for example, the inspection of hay for the 
presence of alfalfa weevil; (c) Where adequate inspection at point of origin is not 
maintained and there remains risk or danger of escape of injurious insects or the 
establishment of a plant disease either in transit or at destination regardless of 
inspection at destination; for example, shipments infested with the Mexican bean 
beetle; (d) Where the elimination of host plants for the purpose of eradication or 
control of a disease or pest is under way in a region and these plants whether attacked 
or not may jeopardize the eradication or control activities. 
Correlation of State and Federal Action: It is the sense of this conference 
that all State quarantines should be so limited in subject and scope as not to conflict 
with existing Federal quarantines, and that all State quarantines now in force which 
are in conflict with such Federal quarantines should be modified so as to eliminate 
such conflict. It is further understood that, in any case where it is considered in¬ 
expedient for the Federal quarantine to cover the entire subject necessary for the 
protection of a State, any additional protection which the State may need is under¬ 
stood to be left open for State action. If such State action is taken it is understood that 
it should be supplemental to, but not in conflict with, the action taken under the Fed¬ 
eral quarantine. It is understood and agreed that the needs of a State with respect 
to any plant quarantine subject may be presented to the Federal Horticultural Board 
at any time, but preferably at the original or other stated hearing, and that so far as 
the Federal Horticultural Board shall deem such incorporation practicable after full 
discussion and consideration with the State authorities, such needs shall be incor¬ 
porated in the Federal regulations. Example: This may include provision for so 
routing movement within a State as to provide for reinspection by State officials at 
designated concentration points somewhat on the plan of the postal provision for such 
routing and inspection of parcel post packages of plants. It is also understood that 
with respect to any subject on which the Federal Horticultural Board has not acted 
the State may act. It is recommended also that where existing State legislation is 
inadequate to secure full co-operation between State and Federal authorities and to 
enable State authority to be conferred upon Federal inspectors an attempt shall be 
made to obtain enabling legislation. As a knowledge of the final destination of plants 
is a very important factor in the control of plant pests it is the sense of this conference 
that the Federal Horticultural Board should promptly send notice to the proper au- 
