October, ’24] 
shepherd: biology of echocerus cornutus 
573 
color than the rest of the body. The head is a pronounced brown, the 
edges of the mandibles are black and the bases of the mandibles are 
slightly brown. The claws on the legs are slightly brown and the spines 
show some little pigmentation. 
The head is subquadrate, quite convex and bears six stout hairs on the 
lateral dorsal surface. The eyes appear as two almost spherical spots on 
the anterior lateral part. The antennae are pale yellow in color, showing 
a basal segment, a large second segment followed by a smaller segment 
which, in turn bears a bristle. 
The mouth-parts are directed ventrally. The labrum is large, the 
basal joint trapeziform and the terminal joint rounded bearing several 
small hairs on the margin. The mandibles are large, heavy and visible 
from above. The labium does not cover the mandibles, the labial 
palpi are cylindrical in form and two-jointed. The maxillae are longer 
than the labrum, the maxillary palpi are three-jointed, having a rather 
short basal joint, a second joint longer than the basal joint and a third 
joint papilliform. The submentum is larger than the mentum. 
The thoracic legs are rather stout, the first pair being longer than the 
second and third pairs. On each leg there is borne a terminal hook, the 
tarsus bearing two short spines on the inner distal margin, the tibia 
bearing three marginal spines and the femur bearing four spines. 
Each abdominal segment bears six spines. The caudal segment, 
which is scutelliform, is slightly convex dor sally and convex ventrally, 
bears four spines on its terminal dorsal margin and six spines on either 
lateral margin. 
Pupa. The pupa ordinarily measures 3.6 mm., in length with a head 
measurement (width) of 1.35 mm. It is slightly arcuate dorsally, 
flattened to slightly concave ventrally. In color it is entirely white when 
emerging with the exception of the pigmentation of the eyes and mandi¬ 
bles which increases rapidly. The head is pressed into the prosternum, 
the pronotum is very broad and even with the head, making the head in¬ 
visible from above. The mesonotum is narrow and scutelliform, the 
metanotum saggitiform and about as broad at the anterior margin as the 
mesonotum. 
Seven abdominal segments are visible. The caudal segment bears a 
pair of posteriorly directed spines near the posterior margin dorsally, 
and a pair of median anal lobes ventrally. The first six abdominal seg¬ 
ments bear lateral lobes each supplied with two setae. 
The head, legs and antennae of the pupa are free, the antennae passing 
behind the first and second pairs of legs and over the base of the wing 
