Chap. X. UTILITARIANISM. 573 
lurgy, and other branches of scientific research ; the miner, 
in rude and often wild attire — here what in other countries is 
the farmer, the fundamental cultivator of the land 5 the stage- 
actor and the clergyman of this or that sect and denomina- 
tion ; the gambler and the musician ; the German turner and 
singer ; the Mexican and the South American ; the cor- 
pulent Chinese merchant and the lank Cooley ; the prospe- 
rous Chinese courtezan and the low Chinese prostitute ; 
the Tartar and the Malay ; the Kanaka and the Society 
Islander ; the free Negro and Mulatto ; and, finally, the 
Californian Indian, formerly the lord of this rich land, 
and now the poorest and last of all its occupants : — it is 
truly miraculous that all these elements can coexist and be 
held together, while the law and government impose the 
least possible restraint upon the movement of every indi- 
vidual ! — Can it be a cause for surprise and indignation 
that in such a mixed society, extending through the whole 
State, even to regions were public authority exists only 
in name, crimes should be constantly perpetrated — that 
offences should be committed by the community as well as 
against it — that quarrels should sometimes occur between 
the different races ? The European who speaks with ab- 
horrence of a state of society such as that of California, 
only exposes his own poverty of experience and thought. 
Californian life, on the contrary, displays more encou- 
raging phenomena to the philosopher in search of evi- 
dences of the innate good qualities and future excellence 
of our race than any that can be discovered anywhere else. 
The most enlightened European community, according to 
my full and most conscientious conviction, could not exist 
upon a foundation so absolutely democratic, and with so 
little public authority, without social evils of a far more 
serious nature. 
