P o
Popery, not the creature of papacy, but its elements at work even
in the Apostolic age. (Spiritual Despotism page 248)
Protection against extremes of heat or cold a grand desideratum. 
In our climate [illegible] vis metuenda
apibus. Virgil. The cold of winter especially fatal. 
It often kills small swarms by preventing them from keeping up heat . 
I often starves bees with plenty in their hives by confining them to one
part of the hive, it often destroys so many that they are left in the spring
too weak to be of any value. It often causes such an amount of dampness in
the hives that the combs mold and the bees are made unhealthy. 
A hive very simple in its construction, any ordinary box, cannot guard
them against these extremes, any more than a thin house can protect
human beings. The material must be very thick, or the hive in some
way made double, the farmer method too expensive or too clumsy. [crossed out: if]
[crossed out: it is permanently double, too warm in summer] An outside cover which
can be filled with sawdust or some good non conductor, in winter, and
a box bottom filled with the same, will enable the bees to keep warm and
dry. If the weather suddenly changes to warm, and is unsuitable for them to leave
the hive, they will hardly feel the change, and may be shut in. If it is desirable
that they should feel it and leave to cleanse themselves, the bottom board may be lowered
and in a moment the whole hive will be persuaded by the external atmosphere. 
Want of protection in the winter the greatest obstacle to the successful management
of bees in cold countries. The warmer and drier that bees can be kept in
winter the better, if the warmth is from their own natural heat. 
Frost on the inside of windows shows what takes place in many hives, difference
between a house [illegible] out and one plastered on the wall illustrates the difference between
different kinds of hives. A stratum of confined air found to be one of the very best
non conductors. In glass hives if the glass is single the bees will not cluster
against it in [crossed out: warm] cold weather, but if double with a stratum of confined air between
they prefer it, [crossed out: and] I believe that I am the first person who has used double glass
windows or sides, and after an experience of many years I am persuaded that



