264 
STEMS 
Cut an onion vertically. Note the condensed stem on which the 
leaves are arranged. 
Draw a twig of horse-chestnut in winter condition. Label rings 
(scars of scales), terminal bud (on end), lateral buds (on sides), leaf scar 
(oval mark below bud), vascular bundles (on leaf scar). How many? 
How are the lateral buds ar¬ 
ranged? Remove the scales 
carefully. Count and draw 
them. Describe them. What 
do you find inside? Draw 
and describe. 
Compare with twigs of 
other trees — hickory, elm, 
maple, basswood. What dif¬ 
ferences do you notice? 
231. External Appear¬ 
ance of Woody Stems.— 
If we take for an example 
a twig of the horse-chest¬ 
nut, we shall find on the 
outside a brownish bark, 
some scars showing the 
position of last year’s 
leaves, and some rings 
extending around the 
twig, indicating where 
the scales were attached 
that covered the bud 
containing these leaves. 
Above this scar will be 
found a bud covered with 
sticky scales and at the 
end of the twig a large terminal bud. The buds which grow 
above the leaves are called axillary buds. If more than one of 
these is found in an axil the additional ones are called acces¬ 
sory buds. The strength of the terminal bud determines 
the kind of branching of a trunk. A single very strong 
Figure 252. — Stem of Horse-chestnut. 
A , a season’s growth ; B, termin’al bud ; 
C, lateral bud; D, leaf scars; E, fibro- 
vascular bundles; F, rings caused by 
scales of last year’s terminal bud. 
