PART TV 
GENERAL BIOLOGY-A REVIEW AND SUMMARY 
409. Living Things. — We are ready now to make some 
comprehensive statements -about animals and plants as we 
review the more important general facts. A few terms are 
employed to describe animals and plants, their structures 
and varied activities. Whenever you wish to make a gen¬ 
eral statement, such terms are indispensable. These terms 
are organism, organ, tissue, and cell. Associated with these 
four general terms is the word adaptation, which, like them, 
has a broad application. Explain why it is correct to apply the 
term organism to such different living things as the grass¬ 
hopper, horse, man, paramecium, corn plant, pine tree, and 
yeast plant. Write definitions of the remaining terms that 
will indicate their general application to all living things. 
Review the following : pages 1-4, 6-8; sections 30, 43, 89, 
90, 97, 98, 183, 197, 200, 252; and figures 1-5, 95, 98. 
410. Cellular Structure of Organisms. — We have seen 
that the root, stem, and leaf of the plant are made up of cells. 
Likewise the tissues found in animals are composed of cells. 
The human body with its organ systems, organs, and tissues 
is a grouping of cells. We find that all cells are much alike 
in structure and behavior, bringing these different and ap¬ 
parently unlike organisms still nearer together. 
Review the following : sections 8, 10, 109, 251; and figures 
4, 19, 47, 51, 65, 76, 197, 263. 
411. Protoplasm. — The active living part of all cells is 
the protoplasm. This is the part that grows, moves, and 
makes the organism live. In a green plant that looks fresh 
538 ' 
