FOREST AND STREAM. 
[Jan. 23 , 1909 . 
156 
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ANIMALS AT ROME. 
Rome, the eternal, begins with a beast-story. 
However much deeper in the past the spade 
may dig than the reputed date of the humani¬ 
tarian she-wolf, her descendant will not be ex¬ 
pelled from the grotto on the capitol, nor will 
it cease to be the belief of children (the only 
trustworthy authorities when legends are con¬ 
cerned) that the grandeur that was Rome would 
have never existed but for the opportune inter¬ 
vention of a friendly beast! 
The story did not make such large demands 
on credulity as sceptics pretend. A year ago, 
a Russian bear was stated, on what seemed to 
be good evidence, to have carried away to the 
woods a little girl whom it fed with nuts and 
fruits. Except that the bear is less savage than 
the wolf, this story is more remarkable than 
the other. But the wolf is not so much the 
natural enemy of man as the cat is of the mouse; 
yet cats have been known to bring up families of 
mice or rats which they treated with affection. 
Anyhow, the fame of the she-wolf shows how 
eagerly mankind seizes on some touch of 
nature,' fact or fable, that seems to make all 
creatures kin. Rome was as proud of her she- 
wolf as she was of ruling the world. 
Unfortunately the historical record of Rome 
as regards animals is not a bright one. The 
cruelty of the arena does not stain the first 
Roman annals; the earliest certified instance of 
wild-beast baiting belongs to i86. B. C.. and 
after the practice was introduced, it did not 
reach at once the monstrous proportions of 
later times. Still, one does not imagine that the 
Roman or republican times was very tender¬ 
hearted towards animals. Cato related, as if 
he took a pride in it, that when he was consul 
he left his war-horse in Spain to spare the 
public the cost of its conveyance to Rome. 
“Whether such things as these,” says Plutarch, 
who tells the story, “are instances of great¬ 
ness or littleness of soul, let the reader judge 
for himself!” When the infatuation for the 
shows in the arena was at its height, the 
Romans felt an enormous interest in animals: 
indeed, there were moments when they thought 
of nothing else. It was an interest which went 
along with indifference to their sufferings; it 
may be said to have been worse than no in¬ 
terest at all; but it existed, and to ignore it, as 
most writers have done, is to make the explic¬ 
able inexplicable. If the only attraction of 
these shows had been their cruelty we should 
have to conclude that the Romans were all 
affiicted with a rare though not unknown form 
of insanity. Much the same was true of the 
gladiatorial shows. Up to a certain point, what 
led people to them was what leads people to a 
football match or an assault-at-arms. Beyond 
that point—well, beyond it there entered the 
element that makes the tiger in man, but for the 
most part it was inconscient. 
Except with a few, at whom their generation 
looks askance, the sense of cruelty more than 
any other moral sense is governed by habit, by 
convention. It is even subject to latitude and 
longitude: in Spain I was surprised to find that 
almost all the English and American women 
whom I met had been to at least ' one bull¬ 
fight. Insensibility spreads like a pestilence; 
new or revived forms of cruelty should he 
stopped at once or no one can sa-y how far 
they will reach or how difficult it will be to 
abolish them. 
The feasibility of the transport of the hosts 
of animals destined to the arena will always re¬ 
main a mystei'}'. At the inauguration of the 
Coliseum five thousand wild beasts and six 
thousand tame ones were butchered, nor was 
this the highest figure on a single occasion. 
Probably a great portion of the animals was 
sent by the Governors of distant provinces who 
wished to stand well with the home authorities. 
But large numbers were also brought over by 
speculators who sold them to the highest or 
the most influential bidder. One reason why 
Cassius murdered Julius Csesar was that Crcsar 
had secured some lions which Cassius wished to 
present to the public. 
I should think that not more than one animal 
in three survived the voyage. This would vastly 
