Feb. 20, 1909.] 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
285 
DEER FARMING IN THE UNITED 
STATES. 
Continued from page 298. 
and having some forested area, are well adapted 
to their needs. About as many elk can be kept 
on such a range as cattle, on an equal area of 
fair pasture. There should be thickets enough 
to furnish winter bfowse, but this should be 
supplemented by a supply of .winter forage. 
Except when deep snows cover the ground, 
elk will keep in good condition on ordinary 
pasture and browse; but a system of manage¬ 
ment that provides other food regularly will 
be found more satisfactory. Hay and corn 
fodder are excellent winter forage; but alfalfa 
hay has proved to be the best dry food for 
both elk and deer. A little oats or corn— 
whole or chopped—may be fed each day. Elk 
are fond of corn, and feeding it affords excellent 
opportunities for winning their confidence and 
taming them. The same may be said of salt, 
which should be furnished liberally to all deer 
kept inclosure. Running water, although not 
essential, is of great importance in maintain¬ 
ing elk in good condition. 
Elk are much less nervous than ordinary 
deer, and less disposed to jump fences. When 
they escape from an inclosure they usually re¬ 
turn of their own accord'. If tame, they may be 
driven like cattle. 
The cost of stocking an elk preserve is not 
great. Usually surplus stock from zoological 
parks or small private preserves may be ob¬ 
tained at low cost, varying with the immediate 
demand for the animals. At times they have 
sold for less than $20 a head, and with the 
present restrictions on sale, low prices are 
likely to continue. If restrictions on the sale 
and shipment of venispn from private pre¬ 
serves were removed, prices of the stock would, 
of course, soon advance, and necessitate a 
greater outlay in starting the business. 
The male elk is ordinarily docile, but in the 
rutting season the older ones often become ill- 
tempered and dangerous. It is unlikely that, 
even in the rutting season, a wild bull elk 
would attack a human being. But the tame or 
partially tame animals that have become 
familiar with man are to be feared and should 
not be approached in that season without ex¬ 
treme caution. A male elk or deer that has 
once shown viciousness can not again be 
trusted. 
The remedy for ^•iciousness in the male elk 
is castration. It is unsafe to keep an un¬ 
castrated male elk over four years old, unless 
he is in a strongly fenced inclosure from which 
visitors are excluded. The effects of castra¬ 
tion are to make the animal docile and to 
greatly enhance his value for venison. This is 
in accord with observed results in the produc¬ 
tion of bfeef, pork and mutton. Venison grown 
in domestication under a system in which the 
male animals intended for slaughter, -are cas¬ 
trated should be uniformly of the highest grade 
and far superior to that obtained in the wild 
state during the usuah-open season for hunting. 
This consideration is of the greatest import¬ 
ance in fixing the final status of venison grown 
under domestication. 
[to be concluded.] 
All the game laws of the United States and 
Canada, revised to date and now in force, are 
given in the Game Laws in Brief. See adv. 
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