134 
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 11 
the determination of the presence of crown gall made by the author. 
All indications of an infection were included, although a small gall or 
one on a lateral root does not cause the tree to be condemned under 
our present regulations. 
Observations were made in four nurseries, two of which use three 
grades in addition to culls and two admit only two grades. In all 
cases the lowest size above the culls is sold for a very low price—below 
cost of production—while all the profit must be made on trees of the 
first or first and second grades as the case may be. Consequently, in 
the following figures the culls and lowest grade trees are added together. 
In the two nurseries using three grades, a total of 596 trees (chosen 
at random, “nursery run”) were classified as to infection and size. 
Three varieties were used—Duchess, Fameuse, and Transcendent 
crab—with results as follows: 
Number Ones 
Number Twos 
Threes and Culls 
Per Cent 
Ones and 
Twos 
Total 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Clean. 
229 
65.1 
49 
13.9 
74 
21.0 
79.0 
352 
Infected. 
92 
37.7 
77 
31.6 
75 
30.7 
69.3 
244 
Totals. 
321 
... 
126 
149 
596 
Superiority of non- 
infected trees. 
27.4% 
9.7% 
This table indicates that out of 1,000 trees not infected with crown 
gall the nursery might expect 651 trees of the first grade and 139 of 
the second, a total of 790 trees which would pay the cost of production. 
In 1,000 infected trees, however, only 377 would be first grade, 316 
second, a total of only 693 trees which would pay for raising. If we 
assume that the best apple trees are worth ten cents apiece wholesale 
and that the “seconds” are worth three-fourths as much as the “firsts” 
the value of 1,000 non-infected trees would be $65.10+ (J X$13.90) = 
$75.52. One thousand infected trees, if allowed to be sold, would be 
worth $37.70+(fX$31.60) =$61.40, a reduction of 18.7 per cent in 
value. 
In one of the nurseries selling only one grade of trees at a profit the 
figures, mainly for Duchess, are as follows: 
Number Ones 
Seconds and 
Culls 
Totals 
Per Cent 
Number Ones 
Clean. 
147 
58 
205 
71.7 
Infected. 
125 
86 
211 
59.2 
In this case infection in the 416 trees examined apparently reduced 
the profitable trees from 717 per thousand to 592 per thousand, a 
reduction of 17.4 per cent in value. 
