February, ’18] 
HAYES: CYCLOCEPHALA AND ANOMALA 
139 
of 5 days and a maximum of 9 days. In 1916, the first larvae hatched 
July 15 and, in 1917, July 24. The winter is passed as a larva and the 
following summer the grubs transform to pupae. Grubs were fed 
from the time of hatching to the prepupal stage on germinating grains 
of wheat, except during the winter when they were in a dormant con¬ 
dition. The larvae were found infesting corn, wheat, and oat fields, 
as well as sod of lawns, orchards and pastures. 
The Pupa. —The pupa is about 17 mm. long and 8 mm. wide. When 
freshly transformed, it is creamy white with a faint trace of brown 
on the legs, wings, head, thorax, and tip of abdomen. Gradually, 
the pupa darkens to a reddish brown. It lies, as a rule, in the old 
larval moult which splits at the time of pupation from the epicranial 
suture backwards over the dorsum of the grub. 
In 1916, pupation began in soil cages on May 27 and continued 
until the middle of July. In 1917, pupation did not begin until June 
30, and lasted until August 6. Pupse were collected in the fields dur¬ 
ing late June, checking closely with the time of pupation in life-history 
cages. Table IV gives the length of the pupal period of 13 individuals 
reared from eggs. 
Table IV—Length op Pupal Stage 
Serial No. 
Pupated 
Became Adult 
Length of Stage 
Sex 
1917 
1917 
1895 
June 30 
July 21 
21 
d 
1896 
July 1 
July 21 
20 
c? 
1899 
July 5 
July 23 
18 
d 
1902 
July 5 
July 22 
17 
d 
2246 
July 11 
July 27 
16 
9 
2356 
July 5 
July 21 
16 
cf 1 
2361 
July 1 
July 20 
19 
d 
3036 
July 8 
July 26 
18 
d 
3038 
July 5 
July 23 
18 
d 
3040 
July 7 
July 25 
18 
d 
3041 
July 3 
July 22 
19 
d 
3042 
July 13 
July 28 
15 
9 
3083 
July 16 
Aug. 2 
17 
d 
Average 17 
The average time of development was 17 days, with a minimum of 
15 days and a maximum of 21 days. The average of 33 other indi¬ 
viduals reared from grubs collected in the fields was 16 days, with a 
minimum of 8 days and a maximum of 24 days. 
The Adult. —Newly emerged adults have a pale creamy tinge 
which soon darkens to a normal dull yellow color. They are from 
11 to 14 mm. long and 6.8 mm. wide and have the surface sparsely 
covered with fine hairs. The elytra and thorax are somewhat finely 
punctuate. Males are distinguished from the females by an enlarge¬ 
ment of the fifth joint of the anterior tarsi and a somewhat longer 
antennal club. 
The adults fly at night and are strongly attracted to lights. The 
