April, ’18] 
BALLOU: PINK BOLLWORM 
243 
may be done to the seed without causing very much loss in the amount 
of lint produced, although its quality may be affected. 1 A certain 
amount of damage is also caused by the tunnels of the larvae through 
the boll. The lint is stained either by the larva or by fungi or bacteria 
which attack the injured tissues. Another and important injury is 
that which results in producing a dead or unopened boll or sections 
of boll. In these, the cotton remains matted, failing to open properly 
and is often discolored. 
The amount of loss resulting from the attacks of the pink bollworm 
is very difficult to estimate. In Egypt, for something like twenty 
years past the average yield @f cotton per feddan has been steadily 
decreasing but there has not been, since the advent of the pink boll¬ 
worm, any acceleration in the rate of this decrease. The crops of the 
past three or four years have been slightly smaller than those of the 
previous few years. The following figures show the yield per feddan 
for the period 1894-1916 and the means of average yields for the last 
four five-year periods. 
Table Showing Average Yield op Cotton in Egypt for the Years 1894-1916 
Year 
Yield in Qantars* per Feddan 
Year 
Yield in Qantars per Feddan 
1894 
4.78 
1906 
4.61 
1895 
5.27 
1907 
4.51 
1896 
5.60 
1908 
4.12 
1897 
5.80 
1909 
3 13 
1898 
4.98 
1910 
4.57 
1899 
5.64 
1911 
4.31 
1900 
4.42 
1912 
4.35 
1901 
5.10 
1913 
4.45 
1902 
4.58 
1914 
3.67 
1903 
4.88 
1915 
4 05 
1904 
4.39 
1916 
3.64 
1905 
3.80 
* The qantar=99.05 lbs.; the feddan=1.038 acres. 
The means of the average yields for 5-year periods are: 
1897-1901. 5.09 qantars 
1902-1906. 4.45 qantars 
1907-1911. 4.12 qantars 
1912-1916. 4.03 qantars 
There has been a great fluctuation in the price of cotton owing to the 
war which makes it extremely difficult to place a money value on the 
losses caused by the pink bollworm. It would appear, however, from 
i Attacked seeds lose in weight: They may be entirely destroyed, or may be injured 
in varying amounts, some, although attacked, being nearly of full weight and produc¬ 
ing almost a normal amount of lint. 
Another form of injury by the pink bollworm is the loss in weight of seed, in weight 
of lint, in germination of seed and in quality of lint in the case of unattacked seeds 
in locules in which other seeds have been attacked. 
