290 
Fishery Bulletin 117(4) 
Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, 
D. McGlinn, P. R. Minchin, R. B. O’Hara, G. L. Simpson, 
P. Solymos, et al. 
2017. vegan: community ecology package. R package, vers. 
2.4-4. [Available from website, accessed August 2017.] 
Palkovacs, E. P, D. J. Hasselman, E. E. Argo, S. R. Gephard, K. E. 
Limburg, D. M. Post, T. F. Schultz, and T. V. Willis. 
2014. Combining genetic and demographic information to 
prioritize conservation efforts for anadromous alewife and 
blueback herring. Evol. Appl. 7:212-226. 
Paolisso, M. 
2002. Blue crabs and controversy on the Chesapeake Bay: a 
cultural model for understanding watermen’s reasoning 
about blue crab management. Hum. Organ. 61:226-239. 
Pearce, J., and S. Ferrier. 
2000. Evaluating the predictive performance of habitat 
models developed using logistic regression. Ecol. Model. 
133:225-245. 
Perry, W. G., Jr. 
1969. Food habits of blue and channel catfish collected from a 
brackish-water habitat. Prog. Fish-Cult. 31:47-50. 
Pimentel, D. 
2011. Biological invasions: economic and environmental costs 
of alien plant, animal, and microbe species, 2 nd ed., 463 p. 
CRC press, Boca Raton, FL. 
Raabe, J. K., and J. E. Hightower. 
2014. Assessing distribution of migratory fishes and connectiv¬ 
ity following complete and partial dam removals in a North 
Carolina river. North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 34:955-969. 
R Core Team. 
2017. R: a language and environment for statistical com¬ 
puting. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 
Austria. [Available from website, accessed December 2017.] 
Richards, R. A., and P. J. Rago. 
1999. A case history of effective fishery management: Ches¬ 
apeake Bay striped bass. North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 
19:356-375. 
Schloesser, R. W., M. C. Fabrizio, R. C. Latour, G. C. Garman, 
B. Greenlee, M. Groves, and J. Gartland. 
2011. Ecological role of blue catfish in Chesapeake Bay com¬ 
munities and implications for management. Am. Fish. Soc. 
Symp. 77:369-382. 
Schmitt, J. D., and D. J. Orth. 
2015. First record of pughead deformity in blue catfish. 
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 144:1111-1116. 
Schmitt, J. D., E. M. Hallerman, A. Bunch, Z. Moran, J. A. Emmel, 
and D. J. Orth. 
2017. Predation and prey selectivity by nonnative catfish on 
migrating alosines in an Atlantic slope estuary. Mar. Coast. 
Fish. 9:108-125. 
Schmitt, J. D., B. K. Peoples, L. Castello, and D. J. Orth. 
2019. Feeding ecology of generalist consumers: a case study 
of invasive blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus in Chesapeake 
Bay, Virginia, USA. Environ. Biol. Fish. 102:443-465. 
Schubel, J. R., and D. W. Pritchard. 
1986. Responses of upper Chesapeake Bay to variations in 
discharge of the Susquehanna River. Est. Coasts 9:236-249. 
Shepard, S. L. 
2015. American eel biological species report, 120 p. U.S. Fish 
Wildl. Serv., Hadley, MA. 
Shiah, F.-K., and H. W. Ducklow. 
1994. Temperature and substrate regulation of bacterial abun¬ 
dance, production and specific growth rate in Chesapeake 
Bay, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 103:297-308. 
Simberloff, D., J.-L. Martin, P. Genovesi, V. Maris, D. A. Wardle, 
J. Aronson, F. Courchamp, B. Galil, E. Garcia-Berthou, M. Pas¬ 
cal, et al. 
2013. Impacts of biological invasions: what’s what and the 
way forward. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28:58-66. 
Sing, T., O. Sander, N. Beerenwinkel, and T. Lengauer. 
2005. ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R. Bioin¬ 
formatics 21:3940-3941. 
Spencer, R.-J., J. U. Van Dyke, and M. B. Thompson. 
2016. The ethological trap: functional and numerical 
responses of highly efficient invasive predators driving 
prey extinctions. Ecol. Appl. 26:1969-1983. 
ter Braak, C. J. F. 
1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector 
technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecol¬ 
ogy 67:1167-1179. 
ter Braak, C. J. F., and P. F. M. Verdonschot. 
1995. Canonical correspondence analysis and related 
multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquat. Sci. 
57:255-289. 
Thresher, R. E., K. Hayes, N. J. Bax, J. Teem, T. J. Benfey, and 
F. Gould. 
2014. Genetic control of invasive fish: technological options 
and its role in integrated pest management. Biol. Invas. 
16:1201-1216. 
Vitousek, P. M., C. M. D’Antonio, L. L. Loope, M. Rejmanek, and 
R. G. Westbrooks. 
1997. Introduced species: a significant component of human- 
caused global change. N.Z. J. Ecol. 1:1-16. 
Wagner, C. M., and H. M. Austin. 
1999. Correspondence between environmental gradients 
and summer littoral fish assemblages in low salinity 
reaches of the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 
177:197-212. 
Waldman, J. 
2013. Running silver: restoring Atlantic rivers and their 
great fish migrations, 304 p. Lyons Press, Guilford, CT. 
Wang, C. H., and W. N. Tzeng. 
2000. The timing of metamorphosis and growth rates of 
American and European eel leptocephali: a mechanism of 
larval segregative migration. Fish. Res. 46:191-205. 
Waters, D. S., T. J. Kwak, J. B. Arnott, and W. E. Pine III. 
2004. Evaluation of stomach tubes and gastric lavage for 
sampling diets from blue catfish and flathead catfish. 
North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 24:258-261. 
Welsh, S. A., and H. L. Liller. 
2013. Environmental correlates of upstream migration of 
yellow-phase American eels in the Potomac River drainage. 
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 142:483-491. 
Welsh, S. A., J. L. Aldinger, M. A. Braham, and J. L. Zimmerman. 
2016. Synergistic and singular effects of river discharge 
and lunar illumination on dam passage of upstream 
migrant yellow-phase American eels. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 
73:33-42. 
Wenner, C. A., and J. A. Musick. 
1974. Fecundity and gonad observations of the American eel, 
Anguilla rostrata, migrating from Chesapeake Bay, Vir¬ 
ginia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 31:1387-1391. 
Wood, S. N. 
2006. Generalized additive models: an introduction with R, 
416 p. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL. 
2017. Generalized additive models: an introduction 
with R, 2 nd ed., 476 p. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca 
Raton, FL. 
