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strangers but docile with their herds, each one responding to a name. 
They are driven in the morning to feed on the grass lands, and the boys 
who tend them, assemble their charge at dusk by a sort of vocal ranz de 
vache. During the rains they are sheltered at night in leaf-thatched huts 
near the fields, for if exposed to the wet constantly they become affected by 
a severe mange. At other seasons they are taken at night to the village. 
The grain is husked and winnowed in the fields, and then carried home for 
storage in the large grain baskets. When the last of the crop is housed 
the family with its live-stock returns to the village. Quantities of fire¬ 
wood are now collected, mainly from the pollard alders; but some is 
brought from the higher forests, while close to each village there is a con¬ 
siderable jungle reserve in the cultivation zone, to be drawn upon in cases 
of emergency. 
Thatching-grass is obtained from the old “jhums.’ Building materials 
come from the virgin forests where huge trees are felled by “dhaos” with 
the assistance of fire ; each tree yields but a single adze-trimmed plank. 
These great planks are dragged to the village by large companies; small 
trees are employed as rollers in difficult places, but leverage is not made 
use of. When climbing trees sometimes footholds are notched, sometimes 
pegs of bamboo are driven into the stem. Wild honey is got from the 
jungle by smoking the bees out of their nests ; many fruits, such as figs, 
mulberries, citrons, apples; several potherbs, especially a Polygonum and 
Houttuynia. The unopened buds of a Bauhinia are much used, and 
several kinds of mushrooms are collected both for their own use and for 
sale. The villagers on the lower spurs grow oranges, limes, and sweet 
limes. 
Intercourse between different villages is not free. Much of the 
country is a dense and difficult jungle, infested with leeches and similar 
pests, and the paths are little more than animal tracks utilized. There 
are the usual risks from wild animals and snakes, of which there are 
some poisonous kinds, with the additional dangers of hunting traps 
and pitfalls. Added to this is the tendency to waylay a stranger 
for the sake of his head. Village paths lead over spurs, rarely along 
them, and never round the head of a stream. But the Angami 
knows the value of a level road and shews this by abandoning the old 
tracks for the roads made by government. He shews too by his watercourses 
that he could make a good road himself. But he prefers a steep ascent, 
he argues that an easy path makes his home too accessible. He can bridge 
i6 
