85 
The cohimn of steam from the crater which was “ visible from the 
“ landing-place or even some distance out at sea ” to Mr. Mallet (1. c., 
p. 23) in February 1884 and was “ barely visible at 3 miles distance” 
to Capt. A. Carpenter in 1886 {Records, Oeol, Surv., India, xx, 
48) was no longer visible from these points in April 1891 ; on 
ascending the cone, however, steam was found to issue still at the 
places indicated in Mr. Mallet’s memoir. The most copious discharge 
was still from the solfatara on the inner aspect of the north side of the 
crater. 
A deposit of sulphur of an average thickness of 2|- inches had been 
laid down on this solfatara since 1884. On the other solfataras far less 
had been deposited; the crusts on the two next largest—that on the 
inner aspect of the south side of the crater and that outside the crater 
on the north-east face of the cone—were but | in. to 1 inch thick. 
The new crusts were very similar to the old ones described by Mr. 
Mallet {1. c., p. 18) except as regards thickness; when pieces were 
removed, however, they were found to be looser in texture and more 
friable than the fragments of the old deposit that lay scattered about 
the crater and in estimating the present value of the solfataras as a 
sulphur-supply this should perhaps be taken into account. The tem¬ 
perature of the steam at the point of issue was not determined in 1891, 
but it can hardly be as hot now as in 1884—it was then 219° F.—since 
there was no crevice in which it was impossible to place one’s hand for 
at least a few seconds. 
In taking the temperature of the hot spring Mr. McCausland, Com¬ 
mander of H. M. I. M. Nancowry very kindly assisted me. At high 
tide there was no trace of percolation of water through the shingle of 
the small landing-place beach, but when the tide had ebbed water was 
found to ooze through this shingle at five different points round the 
head of the bay. Having scooped out pools sufficiently deep for com¬ 
plete immersion of a thermometer at these spots we took temperatures 
in as nearly as possible the fashion described by Mr. Mallet (Z. c., p. 
26). In the most northerly small pool (furthest from the recent lava), 
the thermometer registered 102° F.; in the next pool towards the lava, 
103° F.; then 104° F.; then 106° F.; finally in the pool nearest of all 
to the recent lava 104° F.; Mr. Mallet found that in 1884 the tem¬ 
perature of the different springs increased with their proximity to the 
recent lava ; the discrepancy of our results as regards the last pool and 
that next adjacent to it (which, though five yards further from the 
lava was nevertheless 2° F. warmer) from the experience of Mr. Mallet 
led us to repeat the whole observation and to take the temperatures in 
these two last pools several times ; our results were, howevei’, the sama 
82 
