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over intervening seas and in another way along continuous land. As an 
example may be mentioned Gyrooarpus Jacyuinii, whose progress from 
island to island is clearly a sea-assisted process, yet whose dispersal inland 
when it is once established is greatly aided by wind because of its curious 
dipteroid fruit. It might even be suggested that the wings of this fruit 
may be sufficient to account for its transmission across intervening seas ; 
but no one who has carefully observed the fall of its fruits is likely to 
consider this possible. Another very pertinent instance is Terminalia 
Gatappa, a species distributed by ocean currents over all the coasts of 
the Andaman Sea, but which nevertheless occurs far inland as well as on 
the beaches. The explanation of its inland dispersal is extremely simple, 
for rats and frugivorous bats are extremely fond of the fleshy part of its 
fruits while they leave uninjured the stone and kernel. Both these 
animals are apt when disturbed while eating to carry off in their mouths 
the fruit they may be devouring, ultimately dropping it some distance 
from the place where the parent tree grew. But though bats occur in far 
off lonely islands like Batti Malv and Barren Island, and though their 
presence there indicates the possibility that animals of the kind may, like 
fruit-eating birds, carry undigested seeds from one island to another, it 
is clear, since they do not swallow the stones of Terminalia Gatappa that 
they are not to be held respossible for the passage of that species across 
intervening seas. The further spread of these species within new locali¬ 
ties by agencies quite distinct from that necessary to account for their 
initial appearance is, it will be admitted, amply demonstrated.* Other 
examples are Pisonia aouleata and excelsa which are perhaps introduced 
by the sea along these coasts. If they are, however, it is quite certain 
that their presence inland may be amply accounted for owing to their 
sticky fruits having become attached to birds or animals that have come 
in contact with them.f 
* Residents in India are familiar with the treatment of “country-almonds” by 
the large flying-foxes; fruits carried off by them, and with a portion bitten out of 
the fleshy side, may be constantly found dropped at considerable distances from the 
trees on which the almonds grew In Barren Island there is no doubt that the 
frugivorous bats which exist there are partly responsible for the same thing, and the 
writer had an opportunity of witnessing the rats, which abound on that island, engaged 
in the same act, these creatures having come down to the shore for the fruits that 
are common there and when disturbed scampering off up gullies with fruits in their 
mouths. 
f A striking instance of the possibility of their becoming attached to the bodies 
of passing animals was witnessed by the writer on a path between Rangachang and 
Ali Musjid in South Andaman in April 1891. Though some miles from the sea a 
considerable number of Pisonia excelsa trees occurred at the place, and the path 
was strewn with their fruits. A tree-snake was seen which had become entangled 
in a fallen panicle of these so that all escape was impossible, its every movement in- 
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