June 22, 1912 
FOREST AND STREAM 
779 
ORIGIN OF COLORS IN YELLOWSTONE 
PARK. 
That the harmonious and brilliant tints in the 
geysers and hot-spring pools are due mainly to 
plant life is one of the interesting statements 
made in a publication entitled “The Geological 
History of Yellowstone National Park,” just 
issued by the Department of the Interior. Algte 
flourish equally well in the waters of all geyser 
basins and on the terraces of Mammoth Hot 
Springs. Wherever these boiling waters cool 
to the. temperature of 185 degrees algous 
growths appear, and by the lowering of the 
temperature on exposure to air still more highly 
organized forms gradually come in. It is said 
that at about 140 degrees the conditions are 
favorable for the rapid growth of several 
species. The development of plant life at such 
excessive temperatures and on a scale of such 
magnitude seems a marvelous thing. Nowhere 
else can this be seen so well as in the Yellow¬ 
stone Park. 
As the water in shallow pools chills rapidly, 
corresponding changes in color follow. No life 
exists in the center, where the water is boiling. 
On the outer edge certain colors prevail, and 
in the cooler overflow channels still other col¬ 
ors predominate. In a geyser basin, the first 
evidence of vegetation in an overflow stream 
consists of creamy white filamentary threads 
passing into light flesh tints and then to deep 
salmon. With distance from the source of heat, 
the predominating colors pass from bright or¬ 
ange to yellow, yellowish green, and emerald, 
and in the still cooler waters various shades of 
brown. 
The marvelous colors in the Grand Canon of 
the Yellowstone are mainly due to mineral 
matter, the pigments being derived from the 
lavas. Along the base of the canon thermal 
and solfataric agencies have been at work 
through long ages, slowly but steadily decom¬ 
posing the rhyolite rock that forms the walls. 
Upon the buttressed walls and sculptured am¬ 
phitheaters tints of green and yellow are inter¬ 
mingled with red, the colors being blended with 
singularly harmonious effects. From the roar¬ 
ing turbulent river at the bottom to the somber 
green forests at the top, the abrupt walls seem 
aglow with color. 
This publication contains an account of the 
geologic forces that have caused the wonderful 
natural features that have made the Yellowstone 
famous throughout the world. It is illustrated 
by photographs of some of the principal 
features of the park and is written in non¬ 
technical language, so that it may be readily 
understood by persons without scientific training. 
THE AGE OF ANIMALS. 
Dr. Chalmers Mitchell in making investi¬ 
gations into the longevity of the animal king¬ 
dom asserts that only mankind, whales, ele¬ 
phants, eagles and parrots live to be 100 years 
old. In a recent lecture Dr. Mitchell presented 
a schedule of the average prospects of life in 
lower orders of birds and animals, of which a 
number of his tabulations are reprinted here: 
Average 
Y ears. 
Elephants . 100 
Whale. 100 
Eagle . 100 
Parrot . 100 
Owl . 80 
Orang-outang, chimpanzee, gorilla. 70 
Rhinoceros . 60 
Crow and raven . 60 
Lions, tigers, bears . 50 
Horse, deer . 40 
Goose, duck. 30 
Cattle, sheep . 20 
Squirrel . 20 
Canary . 20 
Cat . 20 
In the main the more highly organized ani¬ 
mals are the longer lived, as the doctor shows 
in comparing the chimpanzee, with seventy 
years, to man’s 100 years and to the twenty-five 
years’ life in the lower QpJers of apes.—Chicago 
Tribune. 
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