I/jvc,N/L 
be broken down from the edge, and raised to a 
cone in the center of the hole to set the tree 
on, and the roots then brought to their natural 
position. While one man is holding the tree, 
let the other shovel in the top soil, which 
should be made quite fine, carefully between 
the roots until covered, then tramp firmly as 
the filling up progresses; when nearly all filled 
in, place two inches of fine, loose soil on the 
top. 
The tree when planted may in light soil stand 
from two to three inches deeper than it stood 
in the Nursery, but in heavy clay, or wet 
ground, it is advisable to have it stand at the 
same height as it was before transplanting. 
Pruning 
The tops should be shortened in more or 
less, depending on size, variety and condition 
of the trees. In commercial orchards one- 
year-old trees are cut down from 18 inches to 
2 feet above ground, and all side limbs are 
cut to one or two buds; two-year-old trees 
with formed tops should be shortened in from 
6 inches to 1 foot of main stem. 
No summer pruning should be done the first 
year, strong-growing side limbs on lower part 
of the tree can be shortened in from G inches 
to 1 foot from stem, so that the leaves left 
will shade the tree. 
Shading 
On account of our long, hot, dry summers, 
it is well to shade the sunny side of the tree 
to prevent sun-scald. This will keep the borers 
out, as they never attack a tree except at a 
point of injury. The shading can be done with 
a board or shook, or else with a piece of bur¬ 
lap wound loosely about the trunk. White¬ 
wash is also a good protection, as it reflects 
the heat. 
After Culture 
The success of the newly planted trees de¬ 
pends on the care received the first three 
months after planting. The ground should be 
kept clean, loose and cultivated after each 
rain. Should the ground be dry and the trees 
not start well, scoop out a basin around each 
tree, pour in two or three buckets of water, 
and as soon as dry fill in the soil again, break¬ 
ing it up fine to hold moisture. 
INSECTS AND FUNGUS 
We are so often asked how to fight Scale, 
Insects and Fungus on Fruit Trees that we 
will give the following list of the principal 
Insecticides and Fungus preventives, as well 
as their method of preparation. 
Lime, Sulphur and Salt Wash 
(For winter use upon Deciduous Trees.) 
For San Jose and Brown Apricot scale, and 
as a preventive of curl leaf on peach trees, the 
following formula and directions, if properly 
carried out, will produce an effective remed} r : 
Unslaked lime. 40 lbs. 
Sulphur . 20 lbs. 
Stock salt. 15 lbs. 
Water, to make. GO gals. 
Directions.—Place 10 lbs. of lime and 20 lbs. 
of sulphur in a boiler with 20 gallons of water, 
and boil over a brisk fire for not less than one 
hour and a half, or until the sulphur is thor¬ 
oughly dissolved. When this takes place, the 
mixture will be of an amber color. Next place 
in a cask 20 lbs. of unslaked lime, pouring over 
it enough hot water to thoroughly slake it; and 
while it is boiling, add the 15 lbs. of salt. 
When this is dissolved, add to the lime and 
sulphur in the boiler, and cook for half an hour 
longer, when the necessary amount of water 
to make the 60 gallons should be added. 
Rosin Wash for San Jose, Apricot and 
Black Scale 
(For winter use upon Deciduous Trees other 
than Peach.) 
The following are the proportions of material 
for the winter wash: 
Rosin . 30 lbs. 
Caustic soda (98%). 8 lbs. 
Fish-oil. 4 x /z pints 
Water, to make.100 gals. 
Directions.—Place the rosin, caustic soda 
and fish-oil in a large boiler, pour over them 
about 20 gallons of water, and cook thoroughly 
over a brisk fire for at least three hours; then 
add hot water, a little occasionally, and stir 
well, until you have not less than 50 gallons 
of hot solution. Place this in the Spray tank 
and add cold water to make the necessary 
amount. Never add cold water when cooking. 
Rosin Wash for Black Scale on Citrus, Olive and 
Other Evergreen Trees 
(Apply in August and September.) 
Rosin . 20 lbs. 
Caustic soda (98%). 5 lbs. 
Fish-oil . 3 pints 
Water, to make.100 gals. 
The directions for preparing this remedy are 
the same as given for the rosin wash for winter 
121 
