FIG 
FIL 
developed leaves, may be increased to 
55°, and 60° will thoroughly ripen the 
fruit. The following is a selection of 
the most esteemed sorts. 
Brunswick. A large, purple-brown 
fruit, of a lengthened, pear-shape, and 
first-rate quality. It is, perhaps, the 
best for open walls, but if subject to 
a high temperature it is apt to fall. 
Synonymes , Bayswater, Black Naples, 
Brown Hamburgh, Clementine, Han¬ 
over, Madonna, Bed. 
Genoa. A large, pale-yellow, roundish 
fruit, of excellent quality, rather ten¬ 
der, and therefore only suited for 
glass culture. Synonymes, Large 
White, Large White Genoa. 
Ischia, Black. A medium-sized, dark 
purple, roundish fruit, excellent in 
quality, an abundant bearer, and the 
tree being pretty hardy is often em¬ 
ployed for walls in the open air, it is 
also a good forcer. Synonymes , Blue 
Ischia, Early Forcing, of some. 
Ischia, Brown. Differing from the for¬ 
mer only in colour, and in having a 
longer form. The remainder of the 
Ischia varieties are decidedly inferior 
to these. Synonyme, Chesnut Ischia. 
Marseilles; Of medium size, oval-shap¬ 
ed, and white, unsurpassed for flavour 
when grown in an elevated tempera¬ 
ture. A good bearer, and one of the 
best for forcing. Synonymes, Ford’s 
Seedling, White Marseilles, White 
Naples, White Standard. 
Turkey, Brown. Large in size, pear- 
shaped, brown, and of first-rate qua¬ 
lity ; this variety is more extensively 
cultivated than any of the others on 
account of its hardy and prolific cha¬ 
racter, but we think it somewhat 
inferior to the Brunswick. Syno¬ 
nymes, Ashridge Forcing, Blue Bur¬ 
gundy, Blue Ischia, Brown Italian, 
Brown Naples, Common Purple, Early, 
Fleur Bouge, Ho wick Italian, Jeru¬ 
salem, Large Blue, Lee’s Perpetual 
Murrey, Purple, Small Blue, Walton. 
FILBEBT. Corylus avellana (Linn.) 
Nat. Ord. Ament aeene. The specific 
name given above belongs more properly 
to the common hazel-nut, of which the 
filbert is a variety; but as there are 
several of them all known by the com¬ 
mon name of filbert, we have employed 
it for abbreviation sake. The county of 
Kent is celebrated for its filberts, and 
the following is the mode of culture 
usually employed there. The plants are 
increased by offsets taken off in October 
when the ground is dug. They are 
planted in land of a rich loamy nature, 
which lies on a gravelly sub-soil, as it is 
essential that the earth be well drained 
or the trees do not succeed. They are 
trained either as dwarfs or short stand¬ 
ards, by cutting the stems over at a 
foot from the ground, or allowing them 
to rim up from three to six feet, accord¬ 
ing to the nature of the situation or 
fancy of the owner. Through the first 
three years the only attention requisite 
is directed to the -arrangement of the 
branches so as to form a well-filled 
round head, the centre being kept quite 
clear of branches, resembling in outline 
an umbrella. In the fourth year the 
trees are expected to bear fruit, and the 
future pruning is therefore directed to 
tins end. The nuts are borne on the 
sides of the young branches of the pre¬ 
ceding year’s formation, and from the 
bases of lateral shoots of the same age 
from the main branches; these latter 
are, therefore, spurred in every autumn, 
and the leading shoots partially short¬ 
ened for about a third their length, so 
that the pruning on the whole very 
closely resembles that usual with the 
currant. Like all the plants of this 
order these are monoecious, or have the 
male and female flowers distinct from 
each other, though borne on the same 
plant; the former are well known as 
catldns, and hang pendulous from the 
upper branches, while the latter are 
only just discernible among the buds on 
the lower part of the branches by their 
bright crimson stigmas. It not unfre- 
quently happens, at the early period at 
which the filbert blooms, that unfavorable 
weather intervenes bet ween the opening 
of the catkins and that of the female 
flowers, and, by reducing the fecundat¬ 
ing power of the former, materially 
