CAL 
CAR 
made them favorites when the custom of 
training plants into the fancied resem¬ 
blance of animals and other objects pre¬ 
vailed, and the same character points 
them out as being suitable for boundary 
hedges in the pleasure grounds where an 
impermeable blind near the surface is 
required ; the common box forms one of 
the best inclosures if kept under four 
feet in height, and will grow where'the 
land is too poor for most other plants ; 
nor will cattle bite it. As a shrubbery 
plant, its value is well known, being with¬ 
out a rival for filling the bottom of masses 
of trees. 
The box is found in a natural state iu 
most European countries ; formerly it 
was plentiful in England, and still exists 
in considerable quantities in parts of 
Switzerland and Erance. It is common 
also in Asia, abounding in Persia and 
China, and is occasionally met with in 
America; its wood is highly esteemed 
for many purposes, being very hard, with 
little grain, and capable of taking a very 
smooth surface. English box is preferred 
for engraving upon, but for other works, 
that of the Levant is most esteemed. 
CALYCANTHUS, Allspice tree 
(Linn.) Nat. Ord. Calycanthece. Small 
North American shrubs, remarkable 
chiefly for the agreeable aromatic fra¬ 
grance of their blossoms. There are five 
species: all are deciduous, and have 
chocolate-coloured flowers, which, though 
destitute of petals, are not the less inter¬ 
esting; the loss being compensated in 
the large coloured calyx. The plants are 
rather tardy of propagation, which is 
best effected by means of layers. They 
grow in any good garden earth. 
CAPRIEOLIIJM, Honeysuckle 
(Romer and Schultes.) Nat. Order. 
Caprifoliacene. An extensive and admired 
genus of hardy, deciduous, and evergreen 
climbers. The common honeysuckles, 
(C. Periclynienum) or woodbine, is very 
generally employed to cover arbours and 
walls ; all the species are equally suitable, 
more especially the evergreen kinds, the 
most familiar of which is the C. sernper- 
virens or trumpet honeysuckle. The 
best of the deciduous kinds are the red 
Italian, the Roman with orange blossoms, 
the Dutch variety of the common wood¬ 
bine with large yellow and red flowers, 
and the oak-leaved variety of the same. 
Among the evergreen kinds, those to be 
preferred are the Minorca implexum , with 
red and yellow blossoms; gratum , red; 
flamm , yellow ; and japonicum, orange ; 
the last two are somewhat tender, and 
should be covered with a mat in severe 
weather. Honeysuckles delight in light 
rich earth, and should be pruned closely 
every autumn; they are increased by 
seed, which should be sown as soon as 
ripe, and by cuttings, which may be taken 
any time in autumn, and strike root 
readily in a shaded border. 
CAR AG AN A, Siberian Tea tree 
(Rogen.) Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A 
genus of handsome shrubs, with yellow 
pea-shaped flowers; the only exceptions 
to this description being found in one of 
the varieties of C. Altagana , which as¬ 
sumes the form of a tree, and in the 
colour of the flowers of C. Ilalodendron, 
which are purple. Some difficulty has 
been found in propagating the species 
which has had the effect of keeping them 
scarce in gardens. They grow best in 
sandy loam, and are most readily in¬ 
creased by grafting upon Robinia stocks. 
C. Halodendron is a native of the salt 
fields of Siberia, and it is suggested, to 
cause it to flower freely, that salt be 
mixed with the soil in which it is grown. 
CARPINUS, Hornbeam (Linn.) Nat. 
Ord. Amentacere. Timber trees of this 
kind are scarce, but for coppice wood and 
hedges, the hornbeam is extensively 
grown; it is quick in growth, and in 
three years from cutting over, useful 
rods are obtained, which are tough and 
durable. It has nothing to recommend 
it as an ornamental tree, and being more 
profitable when grown for poles, is seldom 
allowed to assume a larger size ; a rather 
dry but deep loamy soil grows it best, 
and being very hardy, is often selected 
for hedges in bleak situations where 
shelter is desirable. In the nursery, the 
young plants should be replanted every 
third year, and the tap root removed. 
Of the common hornbeam, C. Betulus, 
there are three varieties, one of them 
