CAR 
having variegated foliage is occasionally 
admitted to large shrubberies ; as a tree, 
C. Orientalis is the most beautiful. 
CARYA, Hickory (Nuttall.) Nat. 
Ord. Juglandaceee. With ns these trees 
are grown mainly for their timber; and, as 
they attain a great size and have strong 
tough wood, which is also very light, are 
much esteemed for agricultural imple¬ 
ments, gun-stocks, &c. In America they 
are cultivated also for their fruit; that 
of C. olivaformis or the Pekan nut is 
delicious; C. sulcata also produces a large 
and tolerably well-flavoured nut, known as 
the Gloucester or Springfield nut; those 
of the common hickory are called by 
country people pig-nuts. Young plants 
are obtained by sowing the nuts in Feb¬ 
ruary in sandy earth, and they should 
subsequently be transplanted twice in 
the nursery before their final remove. 
They delight in calcareous soil, and ulti¬ 
mately attain thirty or forty feet in height. 
CASTANEA, Cliesnut (Gartner.) 
Nat. Ord. Amentaceae . As a timber tree 
the cliesnut is second only to the oak ; it 
attains quite as large a size, and the wood 
is nearly as durable and strong; it is 
also very long lived, as some of the oldest 
trees in the world are of this kind, among 
them is the cliesnut of Tortworth, in 
Gloucestershire. As coppice wood, it is 
considered the best we have, and for 
large poles little else is now grown. For 
purposes of this kind it is best to raise 
the plants from nuts, and when two years 
old finally plant them without cutting 
the downward roots. They like a dry 
soil, but do not refuse to grow where it 
is damp, though from such positions the 
wood is less durable; the poles are cut 
from four to seven years old, according 
to the use they are required for. As an 
ornamental tree, there are but few which 
may boast the noble aspect of these, their 
outline closely resembling that of the 
oak, and the foliage possessing a brighter 
and more pleasing green. The Castanea 
puniila is a very low growing tree, or 
rather shrub, as with us it seldom ex¬ 
ceeds eight or ten feet in height; its fruit 
is called by the South Americans chin¬ 
quapin nut, and is very sweet. 
CATALPA (Jussieu.) Nat. Ord. 
Bicpuuiacece. The only hardy species 
(6. syringifolia), is a fast-growing tree, 
with large pale green foliage and pretty 
white and rose flowers; the succulent 
nature of the young shoots render them 
liable to injury in the cold or windy 
weather of autumn, and it is therefore 
advisable to plant this tree on the mar¬ 
gins of shrubberies, or where they may 
be slightly sheltered, from the excessive 
power of trost and wind. It is increased 
by layers or cuttings, and when the trees 
reach a good size they flower, pretty 
freely, a condition that may be induced 
on small plauts by root-pruning. 
CEANOTHUS, New Jersey Tea 
(Linn.) Nat. Ord. lihamnacere.^ The 
hardy species of Ceanothus are deciduous 
shrubs of variable heights, having for 
the most part white flowers ; but lew of 
hhem possess much, beauty. The C. 
azureus, however, differs materially; it 
is evergreen, and though not quite hardy 
enough to withstand a complete expo¬ 
sure to the severities of our seasons, 
succeeds admirably against a south wall, 
where its beautiful pale blue flowers are 
displayed in April, and afford a great 
treat at that time. They all delight in a 
soil composed of peat and loam, and may 
be increased by layers or cuttings struck 
in summer beneath a hand-glass. 
CEDRUS, Cedar (Miller.) Nat. Ord. 
Conifer a}. C. Libani , the celebrated cedar 
of Lebanon, is so well known and es¬ 
teemed for its bold picturesque outline 
as to need no description. It is usually 
planted as a single specimen, and to give 
expression and iorce to the front of other 
round-headed trees, perhaps nothing can 
exceed it; but it should always be kept at 
a considerable distance from the residence 
or dressed portion of the grounds; its 
dark evergreen foliage being too sombre 
to harmonize with such objects.. I he 
more recent species, C. deodara, is one 
of the most graceful of the whole tribe, 
its beautiful light green leaves dancing 
in the breeze upon the. half-pendant 
branches, together with its pyramidal 
outline, inducing the idea of a verdant 
fountain; what the first effects by its 
startling boldness and vigour, is here ob¬ 
tained bv a chaste and graceful elegance ; 
