ULM 
ULM 
dryer food ; in this way it is very nutri- [ 
tious to horses and ldne. Its common 
use as fuel is well known in country 
places, and where it is common, the poor 
people generally cut it over in winter and 
store it for that purpose. 
TJ. nana , the dwarf furze, resembles 
the common in general appearance, but 
is smaller in all its parts, and on this 
account has been thought to be the best 
for agricultural purposes, inasmuch as 
the amouut of trouble in bruising will 
be lessened by its employment. Another 
species, U. stricta , or Irish whin, is, on 
the contrary, a very strong-growing bush, 
more erect in habit, and having larger 
leaves and flowers; this, and the double¬ 
flowering variety of TJ. Europvea, are the 
most esteemed as garden plants. Like 
the preceding kinds, it requires a well- 
drained soil, but it may be of a richer 
nature than is good for the others ; the 
mode of propagating this and all the 
single flowering kinds is by seed, which 
is usually produced in abundance, and 
need only be sown either in autumn or 
spring, in shallow drills on light land. 
The only other species is TJ.provincialis, 
obtained about five and twenty years ago 
from the south of Europe; it does not 
differ to any noticeable extent from the 
preceding, and may be treated in the 
same manner. 
ULMUS, Elm (Linn.) Nat. Order, 
TJlmacece. Ulm or elm is the Saxon 
name of this genus, and with very slight 
variations it is so called in nearly all 
Celtic dialects. Modern botanists enume¬ 
rate twelve or thirteen species, but they 
are so nearly related, and withal rather 
variable in their characteristics that no 
little confusion is observable among the 
several accounts given of the genus. 
Linnaeus expressed an opinion that all 
the elms of Europe might be classed as 
one species, and considering their natural 
inclination to vary in form, as frequently 
seen among seedlings, the opinion becomes 
strongly verified; the repeated production 
of young trees from seed having resulted 
in numerous varieties of all the more 
common forms. TJ. campeslris and glabra 
are most commonly grown, and are met 
with more or less abundantly throughout 
Europe; the former is also found in 
Palestine whence Dr. Walker conjectures 
it was originally brought by the Crusaders. 
Campestris is the common English elm, 
and for general utility is nearly or quite 
equal to any tree we possess. Glabra is 
distinguished as the smooth-barked elm, 
and though of smaller growth than the 
other, forms very excellent timber, which 
usually realizes a higher price. These 
two species, with TJ. monlana, the wych 
elm, are the most frequent features in 
English scenery. The common elm is a 
tall and elegant tree, which, if it has not 
the contorted ramifications of the oak, is 
never chargeable with the round-headed 
lumpishness but too frequently seen 
among the latter; it attains a height of 
sixty to eighty feet, with an irregular 
outline, densely clothed with clustering 
foliage, the most prominent being of a 
bright and glistening green, while more 
retired portions deepen in colour till the 
interior recesses seem almost black; these 
examples of light and shade are so strong 
and pleasing that it is no wonder we find 
the tree so frequently employed in orna¬ 
mental planting. There are upwards of 
twenty varieties of this tree, and new 
forms continue still to arise; perhaps the 
most striking among them are such as 
variegatis, latifolia, planifolia , tortuosa , 
and viminalis; the first with striped 
leaves, the second on account of its large 
foliage, and viminalis for its slender 
twiggy branches, must ever be remark¬ 
able. Of TJ. glabra there are about half 
the number of varieties, the most striking 
and distinct of which is unquestionably 
pendula , which, to the attractions of large, 
handsome, deep-green foliage, adds the 
uncommon one, in this genus, of a pen¬ 
dent mode of growing: when grafted 
upon a tall stem of the wych elm, the 
branches proceed at first in a horizontal 
direction, and afterwards curve gracefully 
downwards ; its outline is unlike that of 
any other tree, much more pleasing than 
that of the weeping ash, more robust and 
bold than the willow, while the absence 
of central erect branches perfectly dis¬ 
tinguishes it from any of the forms 
assumed by the pine tribe. The other 
varieties of glabra deserving especial 
