ULM 
ULM 
notice, are such as lat folia, major, raniu- 
losa, and variegata ; the last is sometimes 
grown as an under shrub, and is very 
pleasing in such a position. U. montana, 
the wych or Scotch elm, is less frequent 
in England than either of the preceding, 
in fact it is seldom planted, owing to the 
incorrect notion that it assumes a gloomy 
aspect when arrived at a considerable 
size ; this we imagine to be an error, for 
the few specimens to be occasionally met 
with in the neighbourhood of the most 
ancient seats of nobility, exhibit a venera¬ 
ble grandeur only equalled by that of the 
oak; its massive trunk, wide-spreading 
branches, and the depth of its umbrageous 
shade, render it highly effective wherever 
space can be allowed for its introduction, 
as a back to the more brightly coloured 
kinds previously mentioned. At present 
its employment is chiefly confined to the 
raising of stocks on which the scarcer 
elms are grafted. Of its varieties we 
prefer crispa, fastigiata, major, pendula, 
and rugosa; they are all distinguished 
by a deeper green than belongs to the 
common elms, and for the most part have 
a more vigorous habit and larger foliage. 
The longevity of this species is quite 
equal to the oak, and it preserves a ver¬ 
dant appearance till even a later period 
than that tree. U. suberosa, another 
common species, is of small stature, 
seldom exceeding eight or ten feet in 
height, and of few pretensions to an 
ornamental character; it is usually seen 
as a hedge-plant, and was formerly much 
employed for that purpose till the supe¬ 
riority of thorn hedges caused it to fall 
into disuse; its younger branches are 
coated with a rugged bark of cork, but 
the older portions become smooth, and 
are then like those of the common elm; 
there are several varieties of this, all belong¬ 
ing to the class of dwarf-spreading trees 
or bushes, one of them with variegated 
leaves is occasionally admitted to the 
shrubbery. The North American species, 
Americana, alata, crispa, (sub-species,) 
and fulva, are all handsome trees, and of 
the first, four or five varieties are already 
known: alata possesses a rough cork 
bark; crispa is distinguished by its wavy 
rough foliage, which is also downy be- ' 
neath; and fulva by its smooth pendent 
branches. The other species are alba, 
a native of Hungary, attaining the stature 
of a rather small tree; carpinifolia and 
effusa, both natives of Britain; fruticosa, 
a bush of six or eight feet in height from 
the south of Europe; integrifolia from 
the East Indies, requiring stove treat¬ 
ment with us, and major, another British 
species but seldom seen. In addition to 
those enumerated, there are two others 
formerly considered species but reduced 
as varieties of campestris : one of them 
called parvifolia, a native of Siberia, is a 
remarkable straggling bush, growing only 
a few feet high, and well suited to give 
a wild appearance to clusters of rock- 
work; the other is chinensis, which, as 
its name implies, is a native of the Ce¬ 
lestial Empire, and with us requires pro¬ 
tection in winter. As an instance of the 
difficulty in determining the species of 
this genus, it should be mentioned, the 
former of these two may be found in old 
catalogues under the specific names of 
humilis vxApumila, which were first found 
to be identical, and then its relation to 
the common elm proved to be so evident 
as to bring it under the denomination of 
a variety of that kind. As a timber tree 
the elm is decidedly more profitable than 
the oak, as it arrives at a useful size in 
so much less time, and it must ever enter 
largely into the composition of artificial 
landscapes for the same reason; in forty 
or fifty years the elm will arrive at a full 
stature, while the oak occupies at least 
double that time; its timber fetches 
nearly as great a price, while its dura¬ 
bility is but little inferior. 
The culture of these trees commences 
with laying, grafting, or their production 
from seed. U. montana generally pro¬ 
duces a plentiful supply of seed, and 
hence its frequent use as stocks for 
receiving grafts of the finer sorts, for 
independent of its naturally strong habit, 
it is well known that seedling trees grow 
with greater vigour than those resulting 
from any other mode of propagation. 
The seed is usually fit for gathering by 
the middle of June, it is laid to dry in 
the sun for a few days and then sown; 
' as at this part of the year there is much 
