ULM 
ULM 
that little subsequent trimming may be 
necessary, or an unsightly wound will be 
risible for a very long period. The usual 
covering of clay or grafting-wax may be 
applied, but must be removed early, and 
the ligature loosened, or the rapid swel¬ 
ling of the stock will cause an irregularity 
about the united parts, that is by all 
means advisable to avoid. The assistance 
of a stick to such as are worked on tall 
stems may be the preservation of a good 
scion, which, without some stay of the 
kind, runs a great chance of being blown 
off; and, indeed, the whole plant should 
be steadied till danger of the kind is past. 
Elms of all kinds delight in rather dry, 
sandy loam, which though light and 
porous, should not be poor. They make 
a vast number of rootlets, and speedily 
drain the earth within them range of 
every particle of its goodness. Young 
trees receive much benefit from an annual 
digging and dressing of manure; but, 
where they are cultivated in large quan¬ 
tities or have attained a large size, this 
measure is of course impracticable, and 
therefore some care should be had in the 
selection of the ground intended to bear 
them. They refuse to grow on the sum¬ 
mits of bleak hills, and in damp places 
are short lived and the timber of little 
value. They may be grown in the smoke 
of large towns, but their progress is 
then slow; and in such places no other 
end can ever be contemplated than that 
of ornament. Elm trees may be moved 
till of very large size, though younger 
plants are ever the most certain; and, 
as they do not feel the check for so long 
a time, it is perhaps false economy which 
recommends the larger ones. When spe¬ 
cimens of more than ten years 5 growth 
are to be transplanted, the precautionary 
measure of digging a trench, about a yard 
from the trunk, and deep enough to cut 
through all the roots, should be adopted 
in the preceding year, as a means of se¬ 
curing an abundance of fibres, that may 
be taken up with the tree; for the prin¬ 
cipal roots, which are severed in digging 
this circular trench, will emit a number 
of fibres into the loosened earth, and thus 
the specimen will come up with what is 
technically termed a good ball. In the 
removal of young trees, the point of the 
descending caudex, or tap-root, should 
always be taken off, and the branches 
| must be shortened in proportion to the 
number and usefulness of the roots. 
Transplanting is best done in the autumn, 
as soon as the leaves have fallen; the 
ground is then dryer and warmer than 
in spring, and the lacerated roots have 
all the advantage of the descending sap, 
which speedily heals their wounds, and 
the formation of spongioles is scarcely 
retarded; so that, by the time the re¬ 
turning action of the season excites the 
tree to a renewal of growth, the roots 
are again in a condition to meet the usual 
demand, and all goes on thrivingly. Those 
which are deferred till spring are, on the 
contrary, destitute of really useful roots 
when the power of the sun induces the 
buds to burst into leaf. An insufficient 
supply of food is attended with a cor¬ 
responding puny development in the head; 
and, at the best, such trees, after entail¬ 
ing a large amount of trouble 4 do not 
commence a healthy action till the balance 
is restored between the branches and the 
roots, which cannot occur till the autumn 
has again afforded them an opportunity 
of regaining their wasted strength. A 
comparative analysis of the genus, foimd- 
i ed on much experience, has shown the 
U. glabra to be the most profitable when 
cultivated only for timber. This species, 
though somewhat smaller than the U. 
campestris , is generally erect in its growth, 
and less inclined to throw out branches; 
and, as elm timber is usually valued in 
proportion as it is straight and clear¬ 
grained, it follows that a branching habit 
is by no means desirable. And here we 
beg to offer a few remarks on the ma¬ 
nagement of these trees when standing 
in hedge-rows; the common elm is very 
generally seen in such positions, and, 
judging from the ordinary appearance of 
the trees, a person might be led to ima¬ 
gine that nothing but chance could have 
stationed them as they are seen,—col¬ 
lected in groups of some fifty or sixty 
together in one part, with scarce room 
for the swelling trunks to rise, and in 
another scattered to a distance of hun¬ 
dreds of yards one from another. In 
