GENERAL INFORMATION. 
5 
INSECTS- 
open. Select bright, clear days for spraying. When a 
kerosene sprayer is not at hand, use ‘2 pounds of whale- 
oil soap to 1 gallon of hot water ; spray while th6 solution 
is warm. When the trees are in foliage spray with kero¬ 
sene emulsiou, one part of emulsion to five of water, or 
10 per cent, kerosene in mechanical mixture. 
The Lime, Salt and Sulphur Wash. Lime, unslaked, 
30 lbs.; sulphur, ground, 20 lbs.; salt. 15 lbs.; water to 
make 60 gallons. Place eight or ten gallons of water in 
an iron kettle over afire, and when it reaches the boiling 
point add the lime, which will immediately produce a 
violent boiling. Stir in the sulphur as rapidly as conven¬ 
ient and from time to time add a small quantity of water 
as needed to prevent boiling over or burning. The sul¬ 
phur ((gradually goes into solution and the mixture, at 
lirst thick and pasty, becomes thinner and thinner, 
changing in color through several shades of yellow. Af¬ 
ter at least one hour’s constant boiling the salt should 
b? added and the boiling continued foranother half hour. 
Then dilute with the required amount of water, prefera¬ 
bly hot water. If a suitable boiler is convenient the mix¬ 
ture may be more economically cooked in barrels or 
tanks by the use of steam. 
The lime, salt and sulphur wash is now generally re¬ 
commended and in some respects is superior to the other 
remedies named. 
Other Scale Insects, of which there are several species, 
which are more or less destructive to fruit or other 
trees. Kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap and kerosene 
in a mechanical sprayer will eradicate them. 
[Note.—I f your trees are infected with any insects or 
fungus diseases, send infected portion to your experi¬ 
ment station, your State Entomologist or U. S. Entomol¬ 
ogist, at Washington, D. C.] 
F ungus 
Pear Blight. The following preventive measures are 
recommended: As buds are swellingspray with coppe.* 
solution; as blossoms open, spray with Bordeaux mix¬ 
ture (i-5-50); as blossoms fall, Bordeaux mixture and ar- 
senltes; to 12 days later, repeat application, and use 
Bordeaux mixture 10 to 14 days later, and again 10 toll 
days later if necessary. If blight has occurred, cut off 
and ourn all affected limbs, to prevent spreading. 
Apple Tree Blight. May be treated similarly as for 
pears, but fewer applications are required. 
Black Rot in Grapes. Spray with copper sulphate so¬ 
lution in spring before buds swell. When leaves appear 
spray with Bordeaux; repeat twice at intervals of 10 to 14 
days. Dusting with flowers of sulphur as soon as fruit is 
set, and repeated every 10 days until coloring, is advis 
able for mildew , but if Bordeaux mixture is used early it 
will lessen the appearance of the latter. 
Black Knot in Plums. Cut off the affected branches 
below affected parts, and burn, to prevent its spreading. 
Spray with Bordeaux mixture. 
Rot on Peaches, Plums aud Nectarines. Spray with 
coop >r sulphate before buds swell, and with Bordeaux 
bef >re flowers open, and again with Bordeaux when fruit 
is well set. Repeat this at intervals of 10 to 14 days. 
Dusting with flowers of sulphur when fruit is half grown, 
and repeated every 10 to 14 days, is advisable if Bordeaux 
mixture is not used. 
Rust on Raspberries and Blackberries. Spray with 
copper sulphate solution before buds break. Use Bor¬ 
deaux mixture if rust appears in spring or summer. 
Peach and Plum Rosette. Root up and burn the af¬ 
fected trees as soon as the disease is oDserved. 
Peach Leaf Curl (Exoascus deformans.) Spray with 
Bordeaux at least two weeks before the fruit buds open ; 
only one application is necessary to prevent this disease. 
If spraying has not been done and the disease appears, 
continuous cultivation and the application of nitrogen¬ 
ous manures will throw off the diseased leaves and save 
the fruit crop. In case of San Jose Scale in the same or¬ 
chard the lime, salt and sulphur wash may be used 
effectively against both scale and leaf curl at one 
spraying. 
FUNGICIDE. AND INSECTICIDE 
SOLUTIONS AND FORMULAS. 
Tobacco, 1 pound; boiling water, 8 gallons; strain when 
cool. Very effective when used as a spray against flea 
beetles, lice, aphides (plant lice). 
Pyrethrum. lounceofthe “Buhacli” powder, added 
to 2 gallons of cold water,on any plant used for food, as 
this is non-poisonous. 
Bordeaux Mixture. Copper sulphate, 4 pounds; quick 
lime, G pounds; water 50 gallons. Dissolve the copper 
sulphate by putting it in a bag and hanging it in a wood¬ 
en or earthen vessel holding at least 20 gallons; slake 
the lime in an equal quantity of water. Mix and add 
Continued. 
JAPANESE PERSIMMONS,WAL¬ 
NUTS AND PECANS. 
Twig Girdler (Oncideres cingulatus.) All limbs that 
have been girdled and have fallen must be burned at 
once, thus destroying prospective broods of sawyers 
Borer (Prionus.) These bore through the roots/and 
usually destroy the tree; must be carefully removed. 
Carefully examine collar of trees in winter and midsum¬ 
mer, and apply lime and sulphur wash. 
Catocala Caterpillar (Catocala maestosa.) This in¬ 
sect feeds on the leaves of pecans and is sometimes quite 
injurious; spray with Paris green, 4 ounces, lime 1 lb. to 
50 gallons of water. 
GRAPE. VINES. 
Phylloxera, Various insecticides are recommended 
but must be applied below the ground with the aid of 
specially constructed apparatus. 
Leaf Hopper (Erythroneura vitis.) Passing with a 
torch between the rows, in the evening, and shaking the 
! vines to disturb the insects. 
Leaf Folder (Desmia maculatis). Kerosene emulsion 
or London purple as a spray. 
Borer (Prionus.) Its presence is manifested by the 
unhealthy appearance or the vine. Search must be made 
at the roots and the grub destroyed. 
Flee Beetle (Haltica Chalybea.) Dust leaves with 
drvlime. 
Grape Curculio (Cieliodes incequalis). London pur- 
j I>le solution as a spray, as soon as fruit is set. 
STRAWBERRIES. 
Beetle (Halticaignita*.) Dust leaves with dry lime. 
Diseases 
sufficient quantity of water to make 50 gallons. It is then 
ready for use, but will not keep more than 24 hours. 
Copper Sulphate Solution. Dissolve 1 pound of copper 
sulphate in 15 gallons of water. Do not apply this solution to 
foliage; it must be used before buds break ou grape and peach 
trees. For the latter use ‘25 gallons of water. 
Arsenateof Lead can lie used as a substitute for Paris Green 
and London Purple. It can be used much stronger with less 
danger of injury to plants. Three pounds to 50 gallons of water 
will give good results against most biting insects. 
Paris Green. Actively poisonous. Add 4 ounces to 60 gal¬ 
lons of water. If used upon peach trees, add 1 pound of quick 
lime, otherwise it will injure the foliage. Paris Green and 
Bordeaux mixture may be fpplied together without the action 
of either beiug weakened. 
London Purple. Use same proportions as for Paris Green 
but, being very caustic, it should be applied with the lime.’ 
Not. suited for plum or peach trees.and only for insects that chew 
Kerosene Emulsion. One half pound of soap dissolved 
i*i 1 gallon of water; add to this, while hot, 2 gallons of kero¬ 
sene. Churn violently with a spray pump or garden syringe 
until the mass becomes of the consistency of butter. Dilute 
the above mixture with from 9 to 15 parts o'f water when using 
so that it will not be stronger than 1 part of oil to 9 to 15 of 
water. Sour milk may be used instead of soap. 
White Hellebore, 1 ouuce; water, 8 gallons. Effective as a 
spray for rose slugs. 
Powders. With 50 pounds of land plaster mix 1 pint of 
crude carbolic acid. Sprinkle over vines for beetles and aphides. 
Lemon Oil. We have found this an invaluable insecticide 
for all planks grown in greenhouse or in pots. Plants should 
be dipped in a solution of suitable strength. While it kills all 
scale insects, it is not injurious to the most tender plants. 
Sulphur, l pound : 1 pound of air-slaked lime, and i oil it in 
8 quarts of water until the concoction simmers down to about 6 
quarts; add 1 gallon of this mixture to 50 gallons of water. 
Useasaspray for red spider every five or six days until the 
spider is eradicated. 
Larkin’s Sulpho-Tobacco Soap is a universal insecti¬ 
cide. A sure and safe exterminator of all kinds of insects and 
vermin on plants, shrubbery, vines, small fruits, and trees. Ii 
also acts as a powerful fertilizer; plants that have wilted from 
the ravages of insects will regain their freshness and grow lux¬ 
uriantly. The soap is non poisonous and absolutely safe to 
handle. It will not injure the tenderest growth. (This soap 
for sale by us. See particulars ou enclosed circular.) 
SPRAYING. 
We cannot he too emphatic in impressing on the horticultur¬ 
ist to snrav his fruit trees and grape vines if lie desires good 
fruit. Follow directions carefully. Experiments frequently re¬ 
sult disastrously. Careless spraying will result in loss of'fruit 
and sometimes the trees. Every fruit grower should purchase a 
spraviug apparatus; they can now he had tor a small sum. Be 
careful in keeping your solutions continually stirred. The best 
time for spraying is late in the afternoon or during cloudv 
weather, except with kerosene; this should he used on bright, 
sunshiny days. (We recommend the Gould Pumps.) 
