GENERAL INFORMATION. 
5 
of emulsion to five of water, or use the regular strength of lime, 
sulphur and salt mixture, applying this with a brush to the 
trunks and larger limbs only. None of this mixture should be 
put on the foliage or young growth. 
Lime, S*lt and Sulphur Wash. Lime, unslacked, 25 lbs ; 
sulphur, ground, 20 lbs ; salt, 10 lbs.; water to make GO gallons. 
Place 8 or 10 gallons of water in an iron kettle over a fire, and 
when it reaches the boiling point add the sulphur and mix 
thoroughly, then add the lime, which will immediately produce 
a violent boiling. From time to time add a small quantity of 
water as needed to prevent boiling over or burning. The sul¬ 
phur gradually goes into solution, and the mixture, at first 
thick and pasty, becomes thinner and thinner, chaugiug in 
color through several shades of yellow. After at least one 
hour’s constant boiling the salt should be added and the boiling 
continued for another half hour. Then dilute with the re 
quired amount of water, preferably hot water. If a suitable 
boiler is convenient the mixture may be more economically 
cooked in barrels or tanks by the use of steam. 
The lime, salt and sulphur wash is now generally recom¬ 
mended and in some respects is superior to the other remedies 
named. 
Other Scale Insects, of which there are several species, 
which are more or less destructive to fruit or other trees. Ker¬ 
osene emulsion whale-oil soap and kerosene in a mechanical 
sprayer will eradicate them. 
[Notk. — If your trees are infected with any insects or fungous 
diseases, send infected nortion to your experiment station, your 
State Entomologist or U S Entomologist at Washington, I). C.] 
JAPANESE PERSIMMONS, 
WALNUTS AND PECANS 
Twig Girdlera (Oucideres cingulatus.) All limbs that have 
been girdled and have fallen must be burned at once, thus 
destroying all future broods of sawyers. 
Borer (Priouus.) These bore through the roots and usually 
destroy the tree; must be carefully removed. Carefully ex¬ 
amine collar of trees in winter and midsummer, ami apply lime 
and sulphur wash. 
Caterpillar (Catocala maestosa.) This insect feeds on the 
leaves of pecans and is sometimes qu*te injurious; spray wit h 
Paris green, 4 ounces, lime 1 lb. t j 5 > gallons of water. 
GRAPE VINE S 
Phylloxera Various insecticides are recommended but 
must be aoplied below the ground with the aid of specially 
constructed apparatus 
Leaf Hopper (Erythroneura vitis.l Passing with a torch 
between the rows in the evening, and shaking the vines to dis¬ 
turb the insects. 
Leaf Folder (Desinia fuucralis.) Kerosene emulsion or 
London Purple as a spray 
Storer (Frionus ) Its presence is manifested by the un¬ 
healthy appearance of the vine. Search must be made at the 
roots and the grub destroyed. 
Fiee Beetle (Haltiea t'halybea.) Dust leaves with dry lime. 
Grape Curculio (cadiodes iiucqualis.) London Purple 
Solut iou as a sprav. as soon as fruit is set. 
STRAWBERRIES 
Beetle (Haltiea iguita.) Dust leaves with dry lime. 
Dangerous Fungous Diseases 
Apple Tree Blight. May be treated similarly as for pears, 
but fewer applications are required. 
Black Rot in Grapes Spray with copper sulphate solu¬ 
tion in spring before buds swell. When leaves apjiear spray 
with Bordeaux; repeat twice at intervals of 10 to 14 days. 
Dusting with flowers of sulphur as soon as fruit is set, and 
repeated every 10 days until coloriug. is advisable for mildew; 
but if Bordeaux mixture is used early it will lessen the appear¬ 
ance of the latter. 
Black Knot in Plums. Cut off the affected branches 
below affected parts, and burn, to prevent its spreading. Spray 
with Bordeaux mixture. 
Brown Rot on Peaches, Plums ami Nectarines. 
Sprav with copper sulphate, 2 lbs. to 50 gallons of water, before 
the buds swell, and before the buds open Bordeaux mixture 
(4-6-50.) When fruit is well set, Bordeaux (8-9-50). Repeat this 
spraying at intervals of 10 to 14 days. Spra ing may be con¬ 
tinued until fruit begins to ripen. Dusting with flowers of 
sulphur is advisable if Bordeaux mixture is not used, but the 
sulphur should be applied every 10 to 14 davs. 
All mummified fruit and limbs showing brown Rot must be 
removed and burned. 
Rust on Raspberries and Blackberries. Spray with 
copper sulphate solution before buds break. Use Bordeaux 
mixture if rust appears in spring or summer. 
Peach and Plum Rosette. Root up and burn the affected 
trees as soon as the disease is observed. 
Peach Leaf Curl (Exoascus deformans.) Spray with Bor¬ 
deaux (4-G-50) at least one month before the fruit buds open; 
only one application is necessary to prevent this disease. If 
spraying has not been done and the disease appears, continuous 
cultivation and the application of nitrogenous manures will 
throw off the diseased leaves and save the fruit crop. In case 
of San Jose Scale in the same orchard the liine.salt and sulphur 
wash may lie used effectively against both scale and leaf curl at 
one spraying. 
Pear Blight. The following preventive measures are re¬ 
commended : As buds are swelling spray with copper solution; 
as blossoms fall, Bordeaux mixture, (8-9 50) and arsenites; 8 
to 12days later repeat application, and use Bordeaux mixture 
10 to 14 days later, and again 10 to 14 days later, if necessary. 
If blight has occurred, cutoff and burn all affected limbs to 
prevent spreading. Disiufect the pruning shears. 
FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE 
SOLUTIONS AND FORMULAE 
Tobacco. 1 pound; boiling water, 3 gallons; strain when 
cool. Very effective when used as a spray against flee beetles, 
lice, aphides (plant lice). 
Pyrethrum 1 ounce of the “Buhach” powder, added to 2 
gallons of cold water, on any plant used for food, as this is non- 
poisooous. 
Bordeaux Mixture. Copper Sulphate, 4 pounds; quick 
lime, 6 pounds: water 50 gallons. Dissolve the copper sulphate 
by putting it in a bag and hanging it in a wooden or earthen 
vessel holding 25 gallons; slake the lime gradually and add 
water until you have 25 gallons. 1 he blue stone mixture and 
lime should then be poured into the pump so that the two 
streams will mix thoroughly as they fall. Bordeaux mixture 
will not keep more than 24 hours. Remember this. 
Copper Sulphate Solution Dissolve 1 pound of copper 
sulphate in 15 gallons of water. Do not apply this solution to 
foliage; it must be used before buds break on grape and peach 
trees. For the latter use 25 gallons of water. 
Arsenate of Lead can be used as a substitute for Paris 
Green and London Purple. It can be used much stronger with 
less danger of injury to plants. Two pouuds to 50 gallons of 
water will give good results against most biting insects. 
Paris Green. Actively poisonous. Add 4 ounces Paris 
Green, 1 pound fresh lime to 50 gallons of water. Paris Green 
and Bordeaux mixture may. be applied together without the 
action of either being weakened. 
London Purple. Use same proportions as for Paris Green, 
but being very caustic, it should be applied with the lime. Not 
suited for plum or peach trees, and ouly for insects that chew. 
Kerosene Kmulsion. One-ha!fpound of soap dissolved 
in 1 gallon of water ; add to this, while hot, 2 gallons of Kero¬ 
sene. (The boiling soap solution should be removed from the 
fire before the kerosene is added). Churn violently with a 
spray pump or garden syringe until the mass becomes of the 
consistency of butter. Dilute the above mixture with from 9 
to 15 parts of water when using, so that it will not be stronger 
than 1 part of oil to 9 to 15 of water. Sour milk may be used 
instead of soap. 
White Hellebore, 1 ounce; water, 3 gallons. Effective as 
a spray for rose slugs. 
Powders. With 50 pounds of land plaster mix 1 pint of 
crude carbolic acid. Sprinkle over vines for beetles and aphides. 
Lemon Oil. We have found this an invaluable insecticide 
for all plants grown in greenhouse or in pots. Plants should lie 
dipped in a solution of suitable strength. While it kills all scale 
insects, it is not injurious to the most tender plants. 
Sulphur, 1 pound ; 1 pound of air-slaked lime, and boil it in 
8 quarts of water until the concoction simmers down to about 6 
quarts; add one gallo i of this mixture to 50 gallons of water. 
Use as a spray for red spider every five or six days until the 
spider is eradicated. 
Larkin’s Sulplio-Tobacco Soap is a universal insecticide. 
A sure and safe exterminator of all kinds of insects and vermin 
on plants, shrubbery, vines, small fruits and trees, it also acts 
as a powerful fertilizer; plants that have wilted from the 
ravages of insects will regain their freshness and grow luxuri¬ 
antly. The soap is non-poisonous and absolutely safe to handle. 
It will Dot injure the tenderest growth. 
SPRAYING 
We cannot be too emphatic in impressing on the horticulturist 
to spray his fruit trees and grape vines if he desires good fruit. 
Follow directions carefully. Experiments frequently result 
disastrously. ( areless spraying will result in loss of fruit and 
sometimes the trees. Every fruit grower should purchase a 
spraying apparatus; they can now he had for a small sum. Be 
careful in keeping your solution continually stirred. The best 
time for spraying is late in the afternoon or during cloudy 
weather, except with kerosene emulsion; this should be used 
on bright sunshiny days. (We recommend the Gould Pumps. 
Write us for prices on these; we can save you money.) 
