GENERAL INFORMATION. 
5 
of emulsion to five of water, or use the regular strength of lime, 
sulphur and salt mixture, applying this with a brush to the 
trunks and larger limbs only. None of this mixture should 
be put on the foliage or young growth. 
Lime, Salt and Sulphur Wash. Lime, unslaked, 30 lbs.; 
sulphur, ground, 20lbs.;salt, 15 lbs.; water to make 60 gallons. 
Place 8 or 10 gallons of water in an iron kettle over a fire, and 
when it reaches the boiling point add the lime, which will im¬ 
mediately produce a violent boiliug. .Stir in the sulphur as 
rapidly as convenient and from time to time add a small quan 
tity of water as needed to prevent boiling over or burning. 
The sulphur gradually goes into solution, and the mixture, at 
first thick ana pasty, becomes thinner and thinner, changing 
in color through several shades of yellow. After at least one 
hour’s constant boiling the salt should be added and the boil¬ 
ing continued for another half hour. Then dilute with the 
required amount of water, preferably hot water. If a suitable 
boiler is convenient the mixture may be more economically 
cooked in barrels or tanks by the use of steam. 
The lime, salt and sulphur wash is now generally recom¬ 
mended and in some respects is superior to the other remedies 
named. 
Other Scale Insects, of which there are several species, 
which are more or less destructive to fruit or other trees. Ker¬ 
osene emulsion, whale-oil soap and kerosene in a mechanical 
sprayer will eradicate them. 
[Note — If your trees are infected with any insects or fungus 
diseases, send infected portion to your experiment station, your 
State Entomologist or U. S. Entomologist at Washington D. C.j 
Dangerous Fu 
Apple Tree Blight. May be treated similarly as for 
pears, but fewer applications are required. 
Black Kot In Grapes. Spray with copper sulphate soiu- 
tion in spring before buds swell. When leaves appear sprav 
with Bordeaux; repeat twice at intervals of 10 to 14 days. 
Dusting with flowers of sulphur as soon as fruit is set. and 
repeated every 10 days until coloring, is advisable for mildew, 
but if Bordeaux mixture is used early it will lessen the appear¬ 
ance of the latter. 
Black Knot in Plums. Cut off the affected branches 
below affected parts, and burn, to prevent its spreading. Spray 
with Bordeaux mixture. 
Brown Kot on Peaches, Plums and Nectarines. 
Spray with copper sulphate before the buds swell, and before 
the buds open Bordeaux mixture f4 6-50). When fruit is well 
set, Bordeaux (3-9-50). Repeat this spraying at intervals of 
lOtoHdays. Sprayiug may be continued until fruit begins 
to ripen. Dusting with flowers of Sulphur is advisable if Bor¬ 
deaux mixture is not used, but the sulphur should be applied 
every 10 to 14 days. 
All mummified fruit and limbs showing Brown Rot must be 
removed and burned. 
Rust on Raspberries and Blackberries. Spray with 
copper sulphate solution before buds break. Use Bordeaux 
mixture if rust appears in spring or summer. 
Peach and Plum Rosette. Root up and burn the af¬ 
fected trees as soon as the disease is observed. 
Peach Leaf Curl (Exoascus deformans.) Spray with Bor¬ 
deaux (3-9-50) at least two weeks before the fruit buds open ; 
only one application is necessary to prevent this disease. If 
spraying has not been done and the disease appears, continuous 
cultivation and the application of nitrogenous manures will 
throw off the diseased leaves and save the fruit crop. In case 
of San Jose Scale in the same orchard the lime, salt and sulphur 
wash may be used effectively against both scale and leaf curl 
at one spraying. 
Pear Blight. The following preventive measures are re¬ 
commended: As buds are swelling spray with copper solution; 
as blossoms fall, Bordeaux mixture, (3-9-50) and arsenites; 8 to 
12 days later repeat application,and use Bordeaux mixture 10 to 
14 days later, and again 10 to 14 days later, if necessary. If 
blight has occurred, cut off and burn all affected limbs to pre¬ 
vent spreading. 
FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE 
SOLUTIONS AND FORMULAS. 
Tobacco. 1 pound ; boiling water, 3 gallons; strain when 
cool. Very effective when used as a spray against flee beetles, 
lice, aphides (plant lice). 
Pyrethrum. 1 ounce of the “Buhach” powder, added to 
2 gallons of cold water, on any plant used for food, as this is 
non-poisonous. 
Bordeaux Mixture. Copper Sulphate, 4 pounds, quick 
lime,6 pounds; water, 50 gallons. Dissolve the copper sulphate 
by putting it in a bae and hanging it in a wooden or earthen 
vegsel holding 25 gallons; slake the lime gradually and add 
water until you have 25 gallons. The blue stone mixture and 
lime should then be poured into the pump so that the two 
streams will mix thoroughly as they fall. Bordeaux mixture 
will not keep more than 24 hours. Remember this. 
Copper Sulphate Solution. Dissolve 1 pound of copper 
JAPANESE PERSIMMONS.WAL- 
NUTS AND PECANS. 
Twig Girdler(Oncideres cingulatus.) All limbs that have 
been girdled aud have fallen must »*e burned at once, thus de¬ 
stroying all future broods ofsawyers. 
Barer (Prionus). These bore through the roots and usual¬ 
ly destroy the tree; must be carefully removed. Carefully ex¬ 
amine collar of trees in winter aud midsummer, and apply lime 
and sulphur wash. 
Catterptilar (Catocoala maestosa). This insect feeds on 
the leaves of pecans and is sometimes quite injurious; spray 
with Paris green, 4 ounces, lime 1 lb. to 50 gallons of water. 
GRAPE VINES. 
Phylloxera. Various insecticides are recommended but 
must be applied below the ground with the aid of specially 
constructed apparatus. 
Leaf Hopper (Erythroneura vitis.) Passing with a torch 
bet ween the rows iu the evening, and shaking the vines to dis¬ 
turb the insects. 
Leaf Folder (Pesmia maculatis). Kerosene emulsion or 
London Purple as a spray. 
Borer (Prionus.) Its presence is manifested by the un¬ 
healthy appearance of the vine. Search must be made at the 
roots and the grub destroyed. 
Flee Beetle (Haltica Chalybea.) Dust leaves with dry lime. 
Grape Curculio (Cailiodes imequalis.) London purple so¬ 
lution as a spray, as soon as fruit is set. 
STRAWBERRIES. 
Beetle (Haltica ignita.) Dust leaves with <lry lime. 
ngus Diseases. 
sulphate in 15 gallons of water. Do not apply this solution to 
foliage; it must he used before buds break on grape and peach 
trees. For the latter use 25 gallons of water. 
Arsenate of Lead can be used as a substitute for Paris 
Green and London Purple. Tt can be used much stronger with 
less danger of injury to plants. Two pounds to 50 gallons 
of water will give good results against most biting insects. 
Paris Green. Actively poisonous. Add 4 ounces Paris 
Green. 1 pound fresh lime to 50 gallons of water. Paris Green 
and Bordeaux mixture may be applied together without the 
action of either being weakened. 
London Purple. Use same proportions as for Paris green, 
but being very caustic, it should be applied with the lime. 
Not suited for plum or peach trees, and only for insects that 
chew. 
Kerosene Emulsion. One-half pound of soap dissolved 
in 1 gallon of water; add to this, while hot, 2 gallons of Kero¬ 
sene. (The boiling soap solution should be removed from the 
fire before the kerosene is added). Churn violently with a 
spray pump or garden syringe until the mass becomes of the 
consistency of butter. Dilute the above mixture with from 9 
to 15 parts of water when using, so that it will not be stronger 
than 1 part of oil to 9 to 15 of water. Sour milk may be used 
instead of soap. 
White Hellebore, 1 ounce, water, 3 gallons. Effective as a 
spray for rose slugs. 
Powders. With 50 pounds of land plaster mix 1 pint of 
crude carbolic acid. Sprinkle over vines tor beetles and 
aphides. 
Lemon Gil. We have found this an invaluable insecticide 
for all plants grown in greenhouse or in pots. Plants should 
be dipped in a solution of suitable strength. While it kills all 
scale insects it is not injurious to the most tender plants. 
Sulphur, 1 pound ; 1 pound of air-slaked lime, and boil it 
in 8 quarts of water until the concoction simmers down to 
about 6 quarts; add one gallon of this mixture to 50 gallons of 
water. Use as a spray for red spider every five or six days 
until the spider is eradicated. 
Larkin’s Sulpho-Tobacco Soap, is a universal insecti¬ 
cide A sure and safe exterminator of all kinds of insects and 
vermin on plants, shrubbery, vines, small fruits and trees. It 
also acts as a powferful fertilizer; plants that have wilted from 
the ravages or insects will regain their freshness and grow lux¬ 
uriantly. The soap is non-poisonous and absolutely safe to 
handle. It will not injure the tenderest growth. (This soap 
for sale by ms. See particulars on enclosed circular.) 
SPRAYING. 
We cannot be too emphatic in impressing on the horticul¬ 
turist to spray his fruit trees and grape vines if he desires 
good fruit. Follow directions carefully. Experiments fre¬ 
quently result disastrously. Careless spraying will result in 
loss of fruit and sometimes the trees. Every fruit grower 
should purchase a spraying apparatus; they can now he had for 
a small sum. Be careful in keeping your solution continually 
stirred. The best time for spraying is late in the afternoon or 
during cloudy weather, except" with kerosene emulsion; this 
should be used on bright sunshiny days. (We recommend 
the Gould Pumps. Write us for prices on these, we can save 
you money.) 
