The Topographical Evolution of the City of Paris 
portant element in the group. On the 
north were the cloisters, an irregular mass 
which occupied the eastern end of the 
island. 
A small space called parvis was always 
kept open before Notre-Dame, and south of 
this was the great hospital of Paris, the Hotel 
Dieu. A hospital as well as a school was 
part of every important religious establish¬ 
ment. The original Hopital de Saint-Chris- 
tophe was directly in front of the Cathedral, 
but was taken down in 1184 to make way 
for a street. The Hotel Dieu was probably 
begun at about this time, in the reign of 
Philippe-Auguste. Unlike many other medi¬ 
eval matters, this hospital was well conceived. 
The halls were large and airy, with an excel¬ 
lent arrangement for separating patients. The 
later history of the Hotel Dieu, however, 
belies its early promise. It was carried on 
bridges across the southern arm of the Seine, 
and became intolerable long beforethe Hauss- 
mann regime swept it away. 
The royal palace at the western end of the 
island was at first a residence, but later the 
king lived there only when he held court. 
Finally it became entirely devoted to the ad¬ 
ministration of justice, which was separated 
from all other royal functions and definitely 
located at the point where the Palais de Jus¬ 
tice now is. The reconstruction of the pal¬ 
ace was probably begun by Philippe-Auguste 
at the end of the twelfth century. It is quite 
possible that the two round towers, Tour 
d’Argent and Tour de Cesar, which originally 
flanked the main entrance to the palace, date 
from this period. They were thoroughly 
restored by the architect Due in 1855. The 
Tour d’Orloge probably dates from the reign 
of Philippe le Bel, and has been several times 
reconstructed. 
The most important relic of the old Palais 
de Pile is the Sainte-Chapelle, which was 
built in 1245 by the great architect Pierre 
de Montreuil. The king Louis IX., “Saint 
Louis,” intended it to receive the crown of 
thorns, a piece of the true cross and other 
relics of the crucifixion. 
The Palais de 1 ’ 1 le was the favorite residence 
of Philippe-Auguste, a great king and most 
public-spirited citizen, the true creator of 
medieval Paris. While walking in his hall, 
on the site of the present Salle des Pas-Per- 
dus, he was so much disturbed by dust from 
the Rue de Barillerie, now Boulevard du 
Palais, that he ordered it to be paved with 
stone blocks—the first recorded pavement in 
Paris. The western end of the island beyond 
the palace was occupied by the king’s garden. 
This has always been the finest point in the 
city, and was never finer than when Saint 
Louis held his lit de Justice under an oak 
with the old Louvre and Tour de Hamelin 
on either hand and Notre-Dame and the 
Sainte-Chapelle in the background. 
For the dark side of medieval Paris we 
must look to the Halles Centrales, Cimetiere 
des Innocents and the Chatelets. 
('To be continued ) 
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