The Topographical Evolution of the City of Paris 
THE PORTE SAINT-DENIS 
Saint-Antoine and the Porte Saint-Bernard 
were destroyed in the Revolution. 
The system of boulevards which the age 
of Louis XIV. bequeathed to Paris has been 
repeated in nearly every European city where 
the destruction of enceintes has given oppor¬ 
tunity. The finest example is the Ring- 
strasse in Vienna, where the boulevards have 
been made connecting links in a system of 
parks and architectural centers. 
THE MUR d’oCTROI AND THE OUTER 
SYSTEM OF BOULEVARDS 
In 1786 the farmers ot taxes secured the 
construction of a light wall about the entire 
perimeter of the city. The map of Verni- 
quet shows that with this wall, on its outer 
side, there was constructed, or perhaps only 
planned, a series of avenues quite similar to 
the inner ring of boulevards already partly 
carried out. The avenues of the Mur 
d’Octroi, greatly improved in the time of 
H aussmann, are represented bv the boule¬ 
vards passing through the Place de l’Etoile, 
Place des Ternes, Place de Clichv, the re¬ 
gions of la Chapelle, la Vilette, Menilmon- 
tant, Charonne, the Place du d rone (de 
la Nation) Place de Daumesnil to the river 
at the Pont de Bercv. On the south side 
the Mur d’Octroi with its avenues followed 
approximately the line of the Boulevards 
de Grenelle, Garibaldi, Pasteur, de Vaugirard, 
Edgar Ouinet, Raspail,Saint-Jacques,d’Italie, 
de la Gare to the Pont 
de Bercy. d'he Mur 
d’Octroi was abol¬ 
ished in i860, but 
some of the pavilions 
which were erected 
by the architect Le- 
doux for the conveni¬ 
ence of the tax gath¬ 
erers still remain at 
the Barrieres d’Enfer, 
de la Vilette, de Char- 
enton, du Trone and 
de Bercy. 
THE LOUVRE AND THE 
TUILLERIES 
11 is difficult to pass 
over the history of 
Bourbon Paris without 
stopping to describe 
the prodigious constructions which were al¬ 
ways in progress at the two great palaces 
which are so near the heart of the city. But 
vast as these operations were, they were all 
contained in the scheme which was definitely 
determined upon in the reign of Henry IV. 
d'he colonnade ot Claude Perrault was a 
splendid accident. The quadrupling of the 
design of Pierre Lescot did not add to its 
beauty. The Salle d’Apollon is larger but 
not finer than the Petite Galerie. But 
our task is, chiefly, with topographical con¬ 
ditions, and these, so far as they cover 
the Louvre and the Tuileries, may be easily 
explained. 
The enceinte of Charles V. divided the 
space between the palaces unequally into two 
portions ; the larger, toward the Louvre, was 
filled with ordinary city streets and houses 
until Haussmann cleared it up. Between 
the enceinte and the Tuileries was the private 
garden of that palace, called in the older 
maps Parterre de Mademoiselle , from Madem¬ 
oiselle de Montpensier, who was housed at 
the Tuileries in 1638. In 1662 Louis XIV. 
used a part of the garden for the magnificent 
fete which he called the Carrousel. Revolu¬ 
tionary Paris has held the name ever since. 
d'he consideration of the various schemes 
tor connecting the two palaces on the north¬ 
ern side may be taken up to better advantage 
with the final execution of that work under 
Napoleon III. 
