House and Garden 
left. This deflection was used to furnish a 
fine site for the new church of Saint-Au- 
gustin. 
In i860 the region between the Mur 
d’Octroi, built in the reign of Louis XV., 
and the outer fortifications constructed under 
Louis-Philippe, was added to the territory 
of the city. 
H aussmann’s appreciation of the designs 
of the seventeenth century is fully shown by 
his treatment of the Place de l’Etoile and the 
network of monumental streets in the west¬ 
ern part of the city. Perhaps Le Notre never 
conceived anything quite so magnificent as 
the Placede I’Etoile, 
but it is a proper 
termination of the 
axial scheme which 
is doubtless based 
on his suggestions. 
At the same time it 
is distinctly charac¬ 
teristic o f H auss- 
mann. The radia¬ 
ting avenues, all de¬ 
signed by him, are 
quite irregular, and 
the parkway, which 
he called Avenue 
de l’lmperatrice 
(now Avenue du 
Bois de Boulogne), 
is simply a magnifi¬ 
cent voie diagonale. 
In the ensemble of 
streets about the 
Arc de 1 ’Etoile is to 
be included Napo¬ 
leon’s Place du Roi de Rome, now du Troca- 
dero, which Haussmann treated with great 
consideration. He remodeled more or less 
completely nearly all the bridges of Paris. 
We have noticed some of the chief of 
Haussmann’s changes in the map of Paris. 
To follow them all would be an interminable 
task. Quite as interesting as the placing of 
a street is its construction. Haussmann in¬ 
vented and fixed the profile of the ideal 
modern street. Something had been done 
toward the solution of this problem before 
his time, especially by the Comte de Ram- 
buteau; but when Haussmann took up his 
work in 1 853 the streets in the old city within 
the enceintes were in a shocking condition. 
In one the houses on opposite sides leaned 
against each other; in another two persons 
could not pass abreast; in nearly all the gutter 
was in the middle ; very few had sidewalks. 
Taking as the basis of his work the old 
types, which the designers of the seventeenth 
century had brought in from the forests and 
country, Haussmann and his engineers con¬ 
sidered all the many things which a street is 
required to do, and the qualities which lead 
to beauty of effect, and before constructing 
it arranged the profiles of the section so that 
all conditions might be met. An agreeable 
relation between the width of the street and 
the height of buildings was established. The 
central pavement was made convex with gut¬ 
ters on either side, sidewalks were provided, 
and, if possible, these were adorned by one 
or two rows of trees,in the genial old French 
way. Sculpture, fountains and monuments 
were introduced in proper localities. 
A street without trees or sculpture is in a 
class by itself, the lowest. A street with 
trees properly ordered and kept is in another 
class, distinctly higher. A street with trees 
and sculpture is in a higher class still. 
The discussion of French parks is a large 
subject. Undoubtedly the finest are those 
THE PARC DES BUTTES-CH AUM ONT 
A typical pleasure ground in the heart of Paris Plan from Alphand 
287 
