APPENDIX 
291 
BIRDS INTRODUCED AND ESTABLISHED IN AUSTRALIA 
1. Indian Turtle-dove Streptopelia suratensis Gmelin 
Distribution. —Afghanistan, India, and Ceylon. 
Description. —Head, grey; back and wings, brown; bind-neck and 
sides of neck, black with white spots; tail-feathers, blackish, all but the 
centre pair tipped with white; throat, whitish; remainder of under-parts, 
cinnamon. Length about 13 inches. 
Notes.—jA Iso called Spotted Dove. A common bird in parks and 
gardens of cities and suburbs of the coastal areas, and is gradually extend¬ 
ing its range inland. It is a destructive bird in gardens. Food: seeds, 
buds, and young shoots of plants. 
2. Red-whiskered Bulbul Otocompson emeria Linnaeus 
Distribution. —India, China, Malay Peninsula, and the Mauritius. 
Description. —Forehead, crown of head and crest, front of cheeks 
and bill, black; patch behind the eye, pale crimson; back, wings, and tail, 
brown; cheeks and underparts, white, with an incomplete black band 
on the chest, and washed with pale brown on the sides of neck, and 
abdomen; under tail-coverts, pinkish-red. Length about 7 inches. 
Notes. —Also called Red-vented Bulbul and Top-knot. This serious 
pest is unfortunately becoming very common in parks,_ gardens, and 
orchards of Sydney and suburbs, and is gradually establishing itself m 
Melbourne. Food: insects and their larvae, seeds, fruits, and the buds 
and young shoots of plants. 
3. Black-bird Turdus tnerula Linnaeus 
Distribution. —Europe, northern Africa, Egypt, Syria, Persia, and 
the Azores. 
Description. —Adult male: uniform glossy black; bill, orange-yellow. 
Female: dark brown above; under-parts, rufous-brown streaked with 
blackish-brown; bill, brown. Length about 10 inches. 
Notes. —This beautiful songster is extremely common in the parks, 
gardens, and surrounding districts of Melbourne and Adelaide. is 
gradually extending its range northwards and inland. Food: insects anc 
their larva;, snails, and fruits. Occasionally destructive in gardens. 
4. Song-thrush Turdus philomelos Brehm 
Distribution. —Europie, western Asia, and India. 
