American Agriculturist, November 3,1923 
Capacity! 
Concrete on the Farm 
Mixing the Batch — Hand vs. Machine 
By F. G. BEHRENDS 
Every man who milks cows for a living 
knows that Capacity and the ability to 
profitably utilise feed mean the difference 
between profit and loss. 
CAPACITY ENABLES HOLSTEINS - 
to subsist very largely on home-ftrown feeds; 
to convert most economically larfee amounts of 
cheap rou&ha&e into milk and butter-fat; to 
respond readily to additional &rain feed with 
increased production. In short, to utilize most 
profitably all feed fit for a cow. 
Let Us Tell You the Story of the Holstein Cow. 
EXTENSION SERVICE, 
The Holstein-Friesian Association of America 
230 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Ill. 
HOLSTEINS 
CATTLE BREEDERS 
HOLSTEINS and GUERNSEYS 
Fresh cows and springers, 100 head of the finest 
quality to select from. Address 
A. F. SAUNDERS, CORTLAND, N. Y. 
HOLSTEINS 
2 Car loads high-class grade springers. SO Grade 
Heifers, 2 and 3 years old. 60 Head Registered 
Cattle. Write your wants. 
J. A. LEACH CORTLAND, N. Y. 
T HIS is the third of the 
series of articles by 
Mr. Behrends on the 
use of concrete on the farm. In the last ar¬ 
ticle Mr. Behrends discussed the subject, of 
concrete mixtures and the adaptability of 
various mixture^ to different purposes. This 
article covers the subject of mixing the batch. 
Success in the use of concrete depends a 
great deal upon how the material is mixed 
and placed. The subject of placing the con¬ 
crete will he taken up in the next and last 
of the series. 
To determine the number of cubic 
feet of sand and gravel and the num¬ 
ber of sacks of cement necessary for 
any job when using a mixture of 
known proportions, the accompanying 
table may be used, which is taken from 
“Concrete, Plain and Reenforced” by 
Taylor and Thompson. 
First determine the number of cubic 
feet of concrete that are to be placed. 
Reduce all the dimensions to feet or 
fractions of feet so that the result will 
be in cubic feet. 
Suppose it is desired to place a 1-2-4 
mixture for a one course walk 60 feet 
long, 4 f ee l wide and 4 inches thick. 
The volume of concrete would be 60 
feet times 4 feet times 1/3 of a foot 
(60x4x1/3) or 80 cubic feet. In the 
table under 1-2-4 mix, it is given that 
for one cubic foot of concrete, .22 of 
a sack of cement, .44 of a cubic foot of 
sand and .89 of a cubic foot of gravel 
measured quantity 
of sand. On this, 
dump the required amount of cement 
and distribute it evenly over the sand. 
Turn the cement and sand over thor¬ 
oughly with square pointed shovels 
enough times to produce a mass of uni¬ 
form color, free from streaks of brown 
and gray. Such streaks indicate that 
the sand and cement have not been 
thoroughly mixed. Measure the re¬ 
quired quantity of pebbles or broken 
stone and spread them in a layer on top 
of the cement-sand mixture. Again 
mix all of the materials by turning 
with shovels until the pebbles have been 
uniformly distributed throughout the 
mixed cement and sand. At least three 
turnings are desirable. Make a depres¬ 
sion or hollow in the center of the pile 
and add water slowly while turning the 
materials. Continue the turning until 
the cement, sand and pebbles have been 
thoroughly and uniformly combined 
and the desired consistency or wetness 
obtained throughout the mixture. 
Consistency a Vital Factor 
Although it is impossible to state the 
exact amount of water that should be 
used since the sand contains varying 
amounts of moisture, it will be found 
that about one gallon of water will be 
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DIGESTER 
TANKAGE 
QUANTITIES OE MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS MIXTURES 
OF CONCRETE 
Mixture Materials for One Bag Batch 
Resulting 
Volume 
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HARPENDING Box 10 DUNDEE, N.Y. 
1 : 1 : 1 % 
1 :2 :3 
1 :2 :4 
1 :2 V, :4 
1 :2V> :5 
1 :3 :6 
Cement 
in 
Sacks 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
Sand 
Cubic 
Feet 
1. 
2 . 
2 . 
2.5 
2.5 
3. 
Pebbles 
Cubic 
Feet 
1.5 
3. 
4. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
Concrete 
Cubic 
Feet 
2.3 
3.9 
4.5 
4.8 
5.4 
6.4 
Quantities of Materials Required for 
one cubic foot of concrete 
Cement 
in 
Sacks 
.44 
.26 
.22 
.21 
.19 
.16 
Sand 
Cubic 
Feet, 
.44 
.52 
.44 
.52 
.46 
.47 
Pebbles 
Cubic 
Feet 
.66 
.78 
.89 
.83 
.92 
.94 
GOATS 
ri’O get the best choice, buy Milk Goat Bucks Now 
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BABY CHICKS 
Bar Rock Pullets, handsome. Heavy Laying Stock. 
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Inspection invited. Registered Airdale Pups $25. 
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will be required. For 80 cubic feet, 
multiply these figures by eighty. The 
amount of materials required for this 
walk are therefore 17.6 sacks of cement, 
35.2 cubic feet of sand and 71.2 cubic 
feet of gravel The quantity should be 
increased by 5 per cent to allow for loss 
in mixing and handling the concrete, 
due to the light condition of cement. 
Hand vs. Machine Mixing 
Concrete may be mixed either by 
hand of by machine. With a machine, 
thorough mixing is easier to obtain and 
all batches will be more uniform. First- 
class concrete, however, can be mixed 
by hand. Regardless of which way 
mixing is done it should continue until 
every pebble or stone is completely 
coated with a thoroughly mixed mortar 
of sand and cement. 
Although mixing concrete is a simple 
operation it often does not receive the 
attention it should for many failures 
are due to poor mixing. Regardless of 
what method is used in mixing it is im¬ 
portant that a uniform mixture be 
obtained. 
To obtain good concrete, it is essen¬ 
tial that all materials be accurately 
measured. This can be done easily if a 
measuring box is used. Such a box 
should be made to hold exactly 1 cubic 
foot, 2 cubic feet or any other volume 
desired. To measure the materials the 
box is placed on the mixing platform 
or floor and filled. When the required 
amount of material has been placed 
in it, the box is lifted off and since the 
box has no bottom, the material re¬ 
mains on the platform. Cement need 
not be measured because one sack can 
be considered as 1 cubic foot in volume. 
Although not recommendable, a pail 
or shovel might also be used in propor¬ 
tioning aggregates. For example, a 
1:2:4 batch of concrete would be meas¬ 
ured by taking 1 pail or shovel of Port¬ 
land cement, 2 pails or shovels of sand 
and 4 pails or shovels of pebbles or 
stone. The objection to using a shovel 
or pail is that when the cement is emp¬ 
tied preparatory to measuring it fluffs 
up considerably thereby throwing out 
the proportion of cement to aggregate. 
The usual proceedure in mixing con¬ 
crete by hand is as follows: Spread 
out evenly on the mixing platform the 
required for each cubic foot of concrete 
mixed. After the required quantity of 
water is determined for the first batch, 
it will be found advantageous to meas¬ 
ure it out thereafter. 
It is very important that no more 
water be used than necessary, as too 
much will reduce the strength of the 
concrete. Too little water will also re¬ 
duce the strength and make it porous. 
For general use, concrete, after 
thorough mixing, should be wet enough 
to form a quaky, mushy consistency. 
Machine mixing of concrete is of 
course preferable to hand mixing as a 
more uniform mixture is obtained. A 
batch should be left in the machine for 
at least one minute. A machine is not 
practical where only a small quantity 
of concrete is to be mixed, but if a con¬ 
siderable quantity is to be mixed it 
would be well to investigate at least a 
barrel mixer. Machine mixers oper¬ 
ated by hand or by power may be 
obtained. A mixer must not be run so 
fast that the materials tend to cling to 
the inner surface, for to become thor¬ 
oughly mixed they must be free to 
tumble around in the barrel. 
A DOUBLE RAM INSTALLATION 
Will Installing a new ram beside one now in 
operation, and branched into present supply 
pipe with a “Y,” give me double the water at 
buildings that one alone would do? Of course 
a separate feed pipe would be laid to each ram, 
but only one pipe from rams to buildings.— 
E. H. F„ New York. 
I see no reason why the plan for 
installing the second ram as you out¬ 
line it would not work very well. The 
only suggestion that I would make 
would be to put a check-valve between 
each ram and the union of the second 
delivery pipes. The purpose of this is 
to prevent the first ram from causing 
any back pressure upon the other one. 
The checks should be installed so that 
they will prevent any water from flow¬ 
ing back toward the rams. 
Don’t forget to tune in on WEAF 
every day except Monday and Saturday 
for the farm market service which is 
furnished by American Agriculturist 
and the New York State Department of 
Farms and Markets. 
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