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Wrltefordescrlptlwbooklet 1 
24 
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AMERICAN SEPARATOR CO. 
Box 7052 Bainbridge. N. Y. 
HEAVES 
How To Build a Hay Rack 
Not a Difficult Job and Only a Few Common Tools A re Necessary 
By B. A. JENNINGS 
T HE cost of labor is so high that one 
can not afford to hire a new hayrack 
built. Rather than patch up the old one 
for another year why not build one on 
the farm? The job is not difficult, and 
does not require many or special tools. 
The accompanying figures and descrip¬ 
tions are for the purpose of aiding a man, 
handy with tools, to build a hay rack. 
The type of hay rack described is not 
considered by the writer to be the only or 
even the best one. There are as many 
different racks as there are communities, 
but the rack here described is a good one 
and, most important, it will serve as a 
starting point. In building, whatever 
Saw from each end ,—^ 
WEDGE SHAPED PIECE 2."Xl8" 
PLACE WEDGE ON TOP 
o f SX4 
Figurel. Cross-arm, showing method of construction. 
modifications necessary may be made to 
suit the special needs of each man. These 
will hold true not only for shapes but for 
sizes. Modifications can be readily made 
by changing the lengths of necessary sticks 
and, of course, distances for the various 
holes. See the table below, of variable 
sizes which includes sizes of timbers for 
kinds of 3voods and for sizes of racks. 
Table of Sizes 
Length of 
Rack 
Bed Pieces 
Soft 
Hard 
12' 
3' x6" 
I%"x6" 
i 
or 
2" x5" 
14' 
3J4"x7" 
2" x6" 
or 
1M"x7" 
16' 
4" x6" 
3" x6" 
or 
or 
3" x8" 
2J4"x7" 
Length of Cross Arms 
Soft 
6' 2"x4" 
7' 2J4"x4" 
8'3" x4" 
or 
2^"x7" 
Hard 
1M"x3K 2 " 
2" x4" 
2" x4" 
Size of Rack 
Length 
12' ... 
Width 
Length 
i 
... 6'. 
16' .. 
12' .. . 
... r 
16' .. 
14' ... 
... 7' 
16' .. 
14' ... 
... 8' 
Width 
. T 
8 ' 
The choice of lumber used in the con¬ 
struction of the hay-rack will primarily 
depend on what is on the farm. It can 
be made out of basswood, pine, ash or 
oak. The hard woods are heavy, but 
i'Burs 
Figure 2. Shelf layout. 
1st hole. 3d hole 4' 6" from the 2d, and 
the last hole 4' 6" from 3d or 3” from other 
end. 
2. Cut four cross arms 7' long of 2”x4” 
stock. 
From each lower end of arm cut a wedge 
shaped piece 2" by 18” long. To do this 
measure 2” or 3d? of the width of stock. 
Measure back from the end 18”, draw a 
diagonal line (Fig. 1) and saw off. 
Be sure to saw the wedge from both 
lower ends. 
Nail these wedges on the upper part of 
arms as in Fig. No. 1. These give a 
slight bevel to the arms to keep load from 
sliding. 
For boring the two holes in each of the 
cross arms, see accompanying diagrams. 
The dimensions given are for a rack 
narrowed in front. (If a straight rack is 
wanted bore the holes so that the bed 
pieces are 38” outside.) 
Dimensions for the holes in the cross 
arms are: Front or first cross arm, 11 34" 
from center or 1' 11” apart; second cross 
arm, 1' 3” from center or 2' 6” apart; 
third cross arm, V 634" from center or 
3' 1” apart; back or fourth cross arm, 
1' 10” from center or 3' 8” apart. 
3. Cut four cross ties (see Fig. 3) of 
I%"x3" stock as follows: Cut front or 
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LARGE JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT 
This late Spring demands that you use the 
best quality seed. Our large Japanese Buck¬ 
wheat 99% pure; 95%germination. Itisabigh 
yielding strain, developed from state college 
tests. Sample won first prize at 1923 State 
Fair. $2.00 per bushel. Prompt shipment. 
HILLCREST FARM, Box 114, Ithaca, N. Y. 
BINDER TWINE- G ^ 0 0 r ur a !ow P p e rfce t an Cl d 
order early. Farmer Agents wanted. Sample free. 
THEO. BURT & SONS, Melrose, Ohio 
since they withstand strains and heavy 
loads better, they can be made of lighter 
stock. I would recommend that at least 
the cross arms be made of hard wood, 
the bed pieces if convenient. 
Bill of lumber needed for a 7'xl If using 8"x6" bed pieces 
No. 2 bed pieces. . . .. 3" x 6"xl4' 
No. 2 for cross arms. 2" x 4"xl4' 
No. 1 for cross ties. l/4"x 3"xl4 
No. 6 for side boards. 1” x 6"xl4' 
No. 3 for bottom boards. 1" xl0"xl4' 
(Note: Side and bottom may be of any convenient 
width.) 
No. 2 for standards.1 x 4 xl2 
Hardware Bill 
No. 8 bolts for main rack. J4"x 12" 
No. 4 bolts for standards. J4"x4 Yf 
No. 14 bolts for standards. 
No. 16 bolts for side board. NfoVi" 
No. 28 flat washers. YT 
No. 2 rub iron nails.. 
Directions for Building 
1. Cut 2 bed pieces or sills 14 feet 
long. 
Bore one-half inch holes through the 
width of the sticks as follows: (Fig. 2) 
1st hole 3” from end. 2d 4' 6” from the 
6 DEces 
with 34” bolts as in Fig. No. 3. Place 
one 34" bolt 1” from the bottom of each 
side piece to prevent splitting (Fig. 3). 
Drill a 34" hole 2” from bottom in middle 
of each stick to hinge standard on to sills. 
6. Front standard is constructed the 
Figure 3. Detail of rear end of rack. 
first cross tie, 2' 6” long; cut second 
cross tie, 3' 1” long; cut third cross tie, 
3' 8” long; cut back or fourth cross 
tie, 4' 3” long. 
Boring the Holes in the Cross Ties 
v Measure off on the 3" face of ties 334" 
from the end of each cross tie and mark 
this place. From the 334". marks, 
measure off the following distances: 
First cross tie, 1' 11”; second cross tie, 
2' 6”; third cross tie, 3' 1”; fourth cross 
tie, 3' 8”. 
Before boring the holes, lay the ties 
beside the respective cross arm and see 
if the marks on the cross ties are the same 
distance apart as the holes in the cross 
arms. Bore holes 34" in diameter. 
4. Assemble sills, cross arms and cross 
ties. 
a. Place the sills on saw horses about 
correct distance apart. 
b. Place cross arms on sills and drive 
bolts through arms into sills. 
c. Place cross ties under sills and 
put on washers and nuts. 
d. Square rack up and draw bolts 
tight. 
e. Place side boards on (Fig. 2) and 
temporarily nail. 
Bolt outside boards to cross arms 
with 34" bolts (Fig. 2). This holds 
wedges in place, inside boards may be 
either bolted, screwed or nailed in place. 
Construction of Rear Standards 
V {Fig. 2) 
5. Cut two side pieces 434' long by 4”x 
1”. Cut two mortises l”x3” in the two 
side pieces, as follows, one 6” from top, 
other 234' from top. Cut two cross 
pieces of l”x4” stock 3' 8” long. From 
each corner of these sticks cut out 34" by 
234 " leaving tenon of this size 234 " wide 
3" long. Assemble and hold in place 
> 1 *? CvT OUTOF 
EAC H 
CORN e R 
Si 
fteour 
Figure 4. Details of front standard. 
same except it is made narrower at the 
top. (See Fig. No. 4). 
7. Board bottom tight "with boards of 
any convenient width. 
8. Place rub iron inside in correct 
position for front wheels. 
9. Bolt on block at rear stakes to pre¬ 
vent rack from working ahead or back. 
The position of these blocks and rub irons 
can only be determined by placing rack 
on wagon. 
A Woman and a Swarm of Bees 
{Continued from page 578) 
time by the introduction of a pure bred 
queen, but the beginner has all these things 
to learn and so must go very slowly. 
If it is possible to visit a well appointed 
apiary much may be learned that will be 
of value, but if this is not convenient 
there is a large body of literature on the 
subject that may be studied. The stand¬ 
ard book on the subject, “The ABC and 
XYZ of BEE CULTURE” is a “very 
present help in time of trouble” and any 
other time for that matter. It is alpha¬ 
betically arranged so that any informa¬ 
tion wanted may be instantly found. 
Bee literature is most absorbingly inter¬ 
esting—I would leave a’novel any time 
for the “ABC and XYZ”—there is some¬ 
thing doing everv minute in it. 
It is taken for granted that the beginner 
would produce comb honey entirely. It 
is easier and there is much less expense 
connected with it but the returns are not 
so great as where extracted honey is pro¬ 
duced—a colony will store a great many 
more pounds in the extracting Supers 
than they will in pound boxes. 
The number of colonies that any woman 
could attend to alone would depend some¬ 
what upon the woman and how much time 
she had to devote to the bees as well as 
upon the locality in which she lived. I 
know of a woman living in Michigan who 
has fifty colonies which she manages 
alone beside doing her housework. In 
sections of the country favorable to bee 
keeping more can be handled than*where 
they require feeding and extra care. If 
the idea is to produce just enough honey 
for the family table with an occasional 
pound to give to friends, two strong col¬ 
onies would be sufficient, but here again 
the location would have a great deal to 
do with the matter. 
It is rather strange that women do not 
take more readily to bee keeping for 
profit—it is work for which they are 
peculiarly fitted by nature. It requires 
detail, "deftness and gentleness and 
above all neatness and cleanliness. There 
is nothing to tax the strength of the most 
delicate woman unless it be a little lifting 
when moving hives or taking off supers 
full of honey, and most women do work 
that is really harder than this every day 
about the house. 
