278 
Journal of Agricultural Research 
Vol. XXIV, No 4 
survived. After the bees were kept at —2°R. (—2.5°C.) for 50 minutes 
they died. 
In his work on maximum temperature he concluded that: 
1. There was a range of 9° R. (11.25® C.) in the fatal temperature 
of bees. 
2. Dryness and dampness had no effect on bees in a high temperature. 
3. Workers and drones became very much excited when the tempera¬ 
ture was above 30® R. (37.5^^ C.). 
4. The highest minimum fatal temperature at which the workers died 
was 35® R. (43.75° C.), while the drones died at 30® R. (37.5° C.). 
5. The highest temperature which the bees could withstand was 
44° R. (55° C.). 
6. The workers immediately upon hatching showed a sensitiveness to 
heat, none surviving more than 39® R. (48.75® C.). 
7. Still younger bees with the chitin less hard but apparently well 
formed were in contrast to the ones mentioned above because they were 
more capable of withstanding a higher temperature. They died at 52® 
to 53° R. (65® C.). The explanation of this phenomenon appears to lie 
in the fact that their bodies coi\tained and evaporated considerable 
moisture and that they did not move. 
8. Upon bringing the bees immediatley into high temperature Kos- 
chewnikow observed that the period which passes between the time of 
inserting the bees and their death became shorter with increases in 
temperature. 
In the following review of the experiment no statement was made as 
to whether or not the figures given were the actual internal temperatures 
of the insects. 
Period of exposure. 
Tempera¬ 
ture to 
which 
bees were 
exposed. 
Tempera¬ 
ture of 
bees at 
death. 
•itJ. 
44 
45 
46 
47 
54 
55 
55-5 
56 
57 
45 
46 
46. 75 
48 
55 
55*5 
56 
56- 25 
57 - 5 
I .XUinuwC 30 .. 
I milluUC lU OCd-fAH-lO... 
I inilllli'U 10 ... 
Bachmetjew (i) performed several experiments on the temperature 
of ^ insects, especially Lepidoptera. He used a thermocouple made by 
soldering steel and manganese wires together. Both wires were con¬ 
nected to a galvanometer, one directly and the second after it had passed 
through a commutator. The wires were insulated by passing them 
through gmq ll glass tubes. Butterflies were placed on the couple, and 
from many experiments Bachmetjew concluded that: 
When the body temperature reached 39° C. the insect became very 
active and died at 46 to 47° C. 
When the air temperature was lowered the body temperature of the 
insect was lowered to approximately -15° C.; there was then a rebound 
