July 1, 1924 
Inheritance in Kota-Hard Federation Grosses 
3 
in significance at Dickinson and west¬ 
ward as damage from rust decreases 
until at Moccasin, Mont., Kota is 
slightly outyielded by Marquis. 
Quality. —Milling and baking ex¬ 
periments conducted in the United 
States Department of Agriculture from 
1918 to 1923, inclusive, show Kota 
to compare very favorably with Mar¬ 
quis in these respects. In all, 86 
samples of the Kota variety, represent¬ 
ing five crop years, have been studied. 
These samples were obtained from 
experiment stations and commercial 
sources. The commercial samples do 
not make possible an accurate com¬ 
parison with Marquis. At experiment 
stations, however, the two varieties 
were grown under exactly the same 
conditions and comparable samples 
were obtained for experimental milling. 
trade and maintain the good qualities 
of the variety are a part of the object 
of this investigation. 
HARD FEDERATION 
Hard Federation is a variety of white 
wheat which has proved very resistant 
to drought. It was developed about 
1908 by J. T. Pridham, at the Cowra 
Experiment Station in New South 
Wales, Australia, by selection from Fed¬ 
eration. It was introduced into the 
United States by the United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture in 1915, and 
was first tested at experiment stations 
at Moro, Oreg., and Chico, Calif. The 
success of the experiments was reported 
by Clark, Stephens, and Florell (8 ). 
From these stations seed has since been 
distributed to farmers. 
Table II .—Summary of milling and baking data from 86 samples of Kota wheal 
and from 60 of these Kota samples and 60 comparable samples of Marquis grown 
during the five crop years from 1918 to 1922 , inclusive a 
Comparable samples 
Descriptive data 
Number of samples__ 
Bushel weight_ 
Crude-protein content of wheat b 
Yield of straight flour_ 
Yield of shorts_ 
Yield of bran__ 
Milling gain___ 
Water absorption of flour_ 
Volume of loaf.... 
Weight of loaf_ 
Texture of crumb_ 
Color of crumb__ 
Ash in flour__ 
All Kota 
samples 
Kota 
Marquis 
i 
Kota in 
percent¬ 
age of 
Marquis 
_pounds 
_per cent.. 
_do_ 
_do_ 
_do_j 
_do_ 
_do_ 
cubic centimeters.. 
_grams.. 
_score.. 
_do_ 
....per cent.. 
86 
60 
60.3 
59.8 
14.3 
14.9 
74.2 
73.4 
14.1 
14.7 
14.1 
14.1 
2.4 
2.2 
64.9 
65.5 
2,242 
2,246 
512 
514 
91.4 
91.0 
90.1 
89.9 
«54 
<* 57 
60 
57.5 
104.0 
14.2 
104.9 
71.4 
102.8 
14.2 
103.5 
16.5 
85.5 
2.1 
104.8 
60.1 
109.0 
2,272 
98.9 
502 
102.4 
89.0 
102.2 
90.8 
99.0 
d 51 
111.8 
<* Experiments conducted by the Milling Investigations Section, Grain Division, of the Bureau of Agri¬ 
cultural Economics. 
b NX 15.7, basis 13.5 per cent moisture. 
c Average of 84 samples. 
J Average of 58 samples. 
Table II shows the average results 
from the 86 samples of Kota and from 
60 comparable samples of Kota and 
Marquis and the difference between 
the comparable samples expressed in 
percentage of Marquis taken as 100 
per cent. 
The data show Kota to exceed 
Marquis in most factors. A statistical 
analysis of these results by Clark and 
Shollenberger (7) fully discusses the 
significance of the differences and 
variability. There are objections to 
the Kota variety by the trade because 
of its high ash content and the creamy 
or yellowish color of its flour. To 
meet these objections by the grain 
Hard Federation has awnless, oblong 
spikes; glabrous, brown glumes; and 
short, hard, white kernels. It is an 
early spring wheat which has very 
strong stems and small leaves that twist 
or curl. This latter peculiar habit un¬ 
doubtedly is heritable. It apparently 
decreases transpiration, which is one 
cause of the resistance of the variety to 
drought. 
Adaptation. —Hard Federation has 
proved to be the highest yielding va¬ 
riety of spring wheat grown under dry¬ 
land conditions in Oregon. In Califor¬ 
nia it is grown from fall sowing and is 
well adapted to some soils. It also has 
produced excellent yields in central 
