146 
Journal of Agricultural Research 
Vol. XXIX, No. 3 
blunt, spatulate, extremity squarely cut 
armed with eight stout, rather 
ong, curled spines. 
Length of pupa 8.5 —9 mm.; breadth 
at widest part 2.5 mm. 
ADULT. (FIG. 3, C; PL. 2, A) 
Antennae two-thirds the length of the 
forewings, ochreous fuscous, shortly cili- 
ate in the male. Labial palpi porrected; 
second joint long with elongate triangu¬ 
lar tuft of projecting scales; terminal 
shorter, smooth, porrected, pointed; 
partly hidden by the scales on second 
joint; reddish ochreous with the under¬ 
side and inner side white. Maxillary 
palpi not half as long as labial palpi, 
porrected, terminal joint ending in 
small spreading tuft of reddish ochreous 
scales, tongue long, spiraled, white 
scales on base. Eyes large and promi¬ 
nent, black. Ocelli rather conspicuous, 
set in black. Face and head reddish 
ochreous edged with whitish ochreous. 
Thorax reddish ochreous. Forewings 
(fig. 3, C) smooth, elongate, triangular, 
apex pointed, termen nearly straight; 
no fovea; twelve veins, 8 and 9 stalked; 
10 closely approximate throughout, 7 
closely approximate at base, 4 and 5 ap¬ 
proximate, 3 slightly before angle of 
cell, lb simple; reddish ochreous with 
faint blackish fuscous markings; a ser¬ 
rate and angulated, transverse, blackish 
fuscous line crosses the wing from just 
beyond the middle of costa and edges of 
an “8 "-shaped blackish spot on the end 
of the cell; another serrate, transverse 
line begins at apical third of costa: 
strongly angulated costal half outward¬ 
ly curved on dorsal half; a dark fuscous 
spot on the middle of the cell, and a 
series of small black marginal dots along 
terminal edge. Cilia ochreous with a 
basal and medial fuscous line. Hind 
wings (fig. 3, C) broader than forewings, 
costa straight, termen and dorsum 
evenly rounded; 8 veins; 4 and 5 close¬ 
ly approximate at base, connate or 
short stalked; 3 approximate to 4, 7 
and 8 stalked, 8 anastomozed with 7 
beyond the cell, 6 approximate to 7 to 
their stalk; lower vein of cell without 
pecten; whitish ochreous, shaded with 
two fuscous discal spots and an angu¬ 
lated, transverse, fuscous, lineal, apical 
third. Abdomen whitish ochreous, legs 
whitish, hind tibiae with outer median 
spur obsolete. 
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS 5 
ADULT STAGE 
Emergence 
When the moth is about to emerge 
from the pupal case the ventral sur¬ 
face splits along the margins of the 
wing sheaths so as to permit the moth 
to make its exit. This operation re¬ 
quires approximately 4 to 5 minutes. 
At first the wings appear very small 
and distorted, but after some fluttering 
they become very convex, almost 
balloonlike in appearance, and grad¬ 
ually become flattened out until they 
are fully expanded. During this proc¬ 
ess the moth has been observed to 
crawl about at times, although nor¬ 
mally it remains rather inactive. 
Finally the wings relax and come to 
rest perpendicularly over the back, but 
they are still soft and moist and about 
45 minutes elapse before they are fit 
for flight. The moth (PI. 2, A) has 
a wing expanse of three-fourths of an 
inch, is of a pale brown or rusty color, 
marked crosswise with darker lines, 
and when at rest assumes a character¬ 
istic triangular shape, measuring three- 
eighths of an inch at its widest part. 
The usual time of emergence is at 
night, since only in a few instances were 
moths observed to emerge during the 
daytime, and the maximum emergence 
appears to occur between dusk and 
daylight. Observations, as shown in 
Table I, indicate that it takes from 36 
to 55 minutes to complete the whole 
operation of emergence. 
Table I.— Records on time of emergence of adults of Phlyctaenia rubigalis 
Date 
Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 
Splitting of pu¬ 
pal case 
Free from pupal 
case 
Wings expanded 
Ready for flight 
Dura¬ 
tion 
1921 
Jan. 20_ 
j 
1 
1 
1 
1 
10.30 a. m_. 
10.35 a. m_ 
11. 20 a. m_ 
Minutes 
Apr. 21_ 
Apr. 27_ 
Apr. 28... 
8. 55 a. m_ 
8.36 p. m_ 
7. 05 p. m_ 
9.00 a. m_ 
8.40 p. m_ 
7.11 p. m_ 
9.12 a. m_ 
8. 47 p. m_ 
7. 25 p. m_ 
9. 40 a. m_ 45 
9.12 p. in_I 36 
8. 00 p. m_1 55 
5 Most of the observations of the life-history studies were made from the specimens under con¬ 
finement and these results were eventually compared with observations taken from general infestations. 
