Critical Tests o f Miscellaneous Anthelmintics 
329 
Oct. 1,1924 
which the fig grows, as the latex does 
not stand shipment, and it also has the 
disadvantage of being toxic in some 
cases. This method of attack promises 
considerable usefulness if a drug of 
low toxicity, capable of administration 
in bulky doses, that will stand ship¬ 
ment and will keep well, can be devel¬ 
oped. 
Intramuscular and subcutaneous 
injection. —This method of attack for 
whipworms appears to have been tested 
first by Strong (4&), who found thymol 
and chenopodium intramuscularly of 
no value with human patients. More 
recently Lambert {29) has tested 
chenopodium intramuscularly on hu¬ 
man patients and recovered 22 whip¬ 
worms in one case. In the present 
experiments this method of treatment 
with chenopodium gave entirely nega¬ 
tive results on two dogs. Apparently 
it will remove whipworms in some cases, 
but the action of the drugs tested does 
not seem dependable. Novarsenoben- 
zol tested subcutaneously in one case 
gave negative results. This appears 
to be the first test of subcutaneous 
medication for this worm. Possibly 
better drugs will be found and will give 
a dependable action warranting their 
use in intramuscular injections. Whip¬ 
worms appear to feed on blood or serum 
and it is theoretically possible to poison 
them by drugs introduced into the 
system by intramuscular or intra¬ 
venous injections. The experimental 
and clinical evidence to date sustains 
this possibility, but does not sustain 
the idea that the action is dependable 
for the drugs tested. 
Intravenous injections. —Intrave¬ 
nous injections for removing whip¬ 
worms appear to have been tested for 
the first time by Lambert {29) on three 
human patients, all of them passing 
whipworms, from 11 to 30 in number. 
This treatment, so far as tested, can¬ 
not, however, be expected to offer 
dependable action on dogs. Intrave¬ 
nous injections removed one whip¬ 
worm from each of two infested dogs, 
showing that the intravenous injection 
of an anthelmintic will remove whip¬ 
worms; but after treatment 6 worms 
remained in one case, and 14 in the 
other. If the treatment were safer it 
would still promise much of value, but 
the production of syncope in the human 
and other cases, and of death in one 
dog, indicate rather definitely that 
chenopodium intravenously is too dan¬ 
gerous for use. There remains, how¬ 
ever, the possibility of finding a safe 
drug which will be effective against 
whipworms when administered in¬ 
travenously, and this deserves inves¬ 
tigation. This possibility has been 
given some consideration in the ex¬ 
periments with novarsenobenzol and 
tartar emetic reported here, but neg¬ 
ative results with five dogs indicate 
that these drugs do not fulfill the neces¬ 
sary conditions as regards efficacy. 
Rectal injections. —For the re¬ 
moval of whipworms from sheep, 
Brumpt, as reported by Railliet {38) y 
has used rectal injections of 1 to 1.5 
liters of water containing a thymol 
emulsion, at the rate of 1 gm. thymol 
to each 3 to 5 kg. of weight of animal. 
The efficacy of this method is not cer¬ 
tain. Hall and Shillinger {22) havo 
tested the use of rectal injections of 
various drugs for the removal of hetera- 
kids from the ceca of chickens, and 
found that chenopodium in doses of 
0.1 cc. in 5 cc. of a bland oil removed 
90 per cent of the worms. Subse¬ 
quently, Freeborn (9) has reported that 
nicotine sulphate solution, containing; 
40 per cent nicotine in a dilution of 
1 cc. to 200 cc. of distilled water, ad¬ 
ministered in doses of 10 cc. by rectal 
injection, removed 85 per cent of the 
heterakids. The ceca of birds are 
much more accessible by rectal injec¬ 
tions than is the cecum of mammals. 
The foregoing shows that whipworms 
have been attacked by surgical meas¬ 
ures, by single doses of the ordinary 
anthelmintics by mouth, by repeated 
small doses of non-irritant anthelmin¬ 
tics of relatively low toxicity, by sin¬ 
gle massive doses of anthelmintics of 
relatively low toxicity, by intramuscular 
injections, by subcutaneous injections, 
by intravenous injections, and by rec¬ 
tal injections. 
Tapeworms. —It has been shown by 
Hall and Shillinger {23) that arecoline 
hydrobromide, given as recommended 
by Lentz (82), in critical tests removes 
all of the tapeworms from dogs in the 
majority of cases, and fails to remove 
any in a minority of cases, so far as 
tested on seven dogs. It is shown in 
this paper that when given simultan¬ 
eously with therapeutic doses of a 
mixture of carbon tetrachloride and 
chenopodium, arecoline hydrobromide 
apparently suffers a serious loss of 
efficacy, failing to remove any tape¬ 
worms from two infested animals. In 
view of the uncertainty of action of 
tapeworm remedies in general, not too 
much may be judged from the failure 
here, but the combination in question 
fails to warrant the expectations based 
on the action of its individual constitu¬ 
ents. 
An extensively advertised proprie¬ 
tary remedy for removing tapeworms- 
from dogs removed only 9 per cent 
