116 
Journal of Agricultural Research 
Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 
olepis Liebm., Q. agrifolia Nee, Q. wislizenii A.DC.) and scrub oak ( Quercus 
dumosa Nutt.). This type grows mainly on foothill lands that are mainly non- 
tillable, consequently it has little importance for growing crops. It has a carrying 
capacity of 20 head of cattle per square mile. 
(97) Chamise. ( Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.)—Chamise, also 
known as chamiso, illustrated by Plate 16, A, is a brush-land type found in the 
foothills and mountain regions of California and southern Oregon up to about 
2,500 feet elevation. This type grows in dense stands on dry, rather rocky, 
slopes in the coastal ranges of California below the conifer timber zone. This 
species is worthless for grazing and it grows on lands that can not be used for 
crop production owing mainly to their rocky and broken character. 
(98) Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt.—This type, shown by Plate 16, B, occupies the 
drier mountain slopes below the conifer timber zone on the inland mountain 
ranges of California and on the west slopes of the Cascades in southern Oregon. 
In Oregon, this species is associated with white oak ( Q . garryana Hook), man- 
zanita, and Garrya ( Garrya elliptica Dougl.). Under the shrubs is a scattering 
of annual weeds and grasses. It is browsed quite readily by cattle, goats, and 
sheep. 
(99) California Mixed Brush Type. —This is a California brush-land type 
in which there is a mixture of chaparral and other brush species, no one standing 
out predominantly. In the coastal mountain region of northern California, this 
type consists of a mixture of chamise, Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt., live oak, scrub 
oak, blue brush (< Ceanothus integerrimus Hook & Arn.), bitter cherry ( Prunus 
emarginata (Dougl.) Walp.), white thorn ( Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg), moun¬ 
tain mahogany, poison oak ( Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. & "Hook), and 
pepper wood ( Umbellularia calif ornica (Hook & Arn.) Nutt.). This type occupies 
the better sites where the soil and moisture are more^ favorable for plant growth 
than the previous type. It has only a low value for grazing and the surface is 
too rolling and mountainous to be used for cultivation. 
(100) Aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.).—This type includes all lands 
where aspen makes up 70 per cent or more of the stand of tree species. It 
often occurs in pure stands, but is frequently found in mixture with various 
conifers. In Colorado and Wyoming the conifers are usually Englemann spruce, 
alpine fir, Douglas fir, or yellow pine. In Arizona and New Mexico they are 
mainly Englemann spruce, corkbark pine, alpine fir, Douglas fir, and white 
fir. In Idaho and Utah the conifer is usually Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, 
white fir, and Englemann spruce. Aspen makes good fence posts, and in central 
Utah it has been used quite extensively for mine props. There is usually enough 
herbaceous vegetation growing under the aspens to make it very good grazing, 
especially for sheep. The frost-free season is usually too short to mature 
cultivated crops. 
(101) Woodland Timber. —This type includes all areas in woodland timber. 
The main species classified as woodland are pinon, digger pine, and juniper. 
Very common in the western United States, along the foothills on rather dry 
southern exposures particularly in the Southwest. Very little' herbaceous 
growth is produced in this type, and it has a low grazing value. It is of little 
value for agriculture, except in the more favorable localities where forage crops 
can be produced. 
(102) Conifer Timber. —Classified in this type are all lands where conifer 
timber, except the species classified as woodland, is growing in sufficient quan¬ 
tities to have a conifer timber aspect. The value of conifer timber land for 
grazing varies considerably, the amount of feed produced being governed 
mainly by the density of the stand. Conifer timber in the West is also 
mainly located at elevations too high for the maturity of cultivated crops. 
