June 15,1925 Environment and Chemical Composition of Grape Juices 1137 
especially ripening very irregularly, 
dropping its foliage badly, and failing to 
color a portion of its fruit. Lenoir bore 
rather light crops in 1919 and 1920, but 
had fully recovered by 1921. 
In view of these conditions, the varie¬ 
ties may be divided into two groups, 
one consisting of 49 varieties which 
were normally vigorous in vine and fruit 
and which bore annual crops of fair size, 
ripening their fruit uniformly. (The 
data for these varieties are presented in 
Table III.) The other 16 varieties in¬ 
clude all those which for any reason 
failed to fruit annually and in fair 
amount through the period of the ex¬ 
periment. The reasons for the failures 
were various, but some of them were 
poor adaptation to the environment, 
susceptibility to insect or fungus injury, 
to scorching of foliage by spray, partial 
sterility, or shy bearing. Analyses of 
these, with summaries of the field notes 
as to their behavior, are given in Table 
IV. All comparative discussion is 
based upon the results with the 49 nor¬ 
mal annual-bearing varieties of Table 
III. 
BOTANICAL RELATION SHIPS OF THE 
VARIETIES 
Some of the varieties used were 
purebred and some were hybrids. 
While horticulturists are by no means 
unanimously agreed as to the parentage 
of several of the varieties, the following 
table is believed to represent the ma¬ 
jority of opinion. The statements of 
Hedrick { 29 , 30 ) have been followed in 
the main, supplemented by those of 
Munson { 49 ) and the Bushberg cata¬ 
logue { 16 ). 
1. Purebred Vitis labrusca : 4 
Champion. 
Colerain (white seedling o l Concord). 
Concord. 
Early Daisy (seedling of Hartford). 
Eaton (seedling of Concord). 
Hartford. 
Ives.* 
Lady (seedling of Concord). 
Lucile (seedling of Wyoming). 
Moore Early (seedling of Concord). 
Pocklington (seedling of Concord). 
Vergennes. 
Worden (seedling of Concord). 
2. Labrusca-mnifera hybrids: 
Agawam (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Barry (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Brighton (Concord X Diana Hamburg). 
Campbell Early (Moore Early X Labrusca 
X Vinifera). 
Catawba. 
Diamond (Concord X Iona). 
Diana (seedling of Catawba). 
Gaertner (Labrusca X White Chasselas). 
Goethe (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Herbert (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Iona (seedling of Diana. 6 ) 
Isabella. 
Jefferson (Concord X Iona). 
Lindley (Labrusca X White Chasselas). 
Martha (seedling of Concord). 
Massasoit (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Merrimac (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Niagara (Concord X Cassady). 
Rebecca. 
Salem (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Ulster. 
Wilder (Labrusca X Black Hamburg). 
Woodruff (Concord X Catawba). 
Labrusea-aestivalis hybrids: 
Cynthiana. 7 
Norton. 7 
Labrusca-aestimlis-vinifera hybrids: 
1 (Labrusca X Eumelan seedling). 
Winchell. 
5. Labrusca-bourquiniam hybrids: 
Early Victor (Delaware X Hartford) (?) 
6. Labrusca-vinljera-bourquiniana hybrids: 
Brilliant (Lindley X Delaware). 
Delaware. 
Dutchess (Concord seedling X Walter or Dela¬ 
ware). 
7. Labrusca-culpina hybrids: 
Clevener. 
Clinton. 
Dakota (Concord X vulpina ?). 
Diogenes. 
Elvira (seedling of Taylor). 
Franklin. 
Missouri Riesling (probably seedling of Taylor). 
Monteflore (Taylor X Ives). 
Noah (seedling of Taylor). 
8. Labrusca-vulpina-vinifera hybrids: 
Canada (Clinton X Vinifera). 
King Philip. 
Rommel (Elvira X Triumph). 
9. Labrusca-vulpirm-bourquiniana hybrids: 
Berckmans (Delaware X Clinton). . 
10. Purebred Vitis bourquiniana: 
Herbemont. 
Lenoir. 
This collection of grapes is charac¬ 
terized by the absence of purebred 
varieties of species other than Vitis 
labrusca and bourquiniana and by the 
presence of a strain of labrusca in all 
the hybrids. In consequence the re¬ 
sults do not adequately represent the 
range of varieties which are at present 
available to growers through the work 
of breeders who have employed other 
species as parents. These varieties in¬ 
clude practically all the older and more 
widely known varieties which were 
grown in the Central and Eastern States 
15 years ago, hence give information in 
regard to nearly all varieties which 
have attained commercial importance 
in that area. 
4 Tukey (59) is inclined to the belief that Vitis vinifera blood may in reality be much more generally 
present in American varieties than has hitherto been considered to be the case. He states some evidence 
that Concord and its seedlings have Vinifera in their ancestry, and regards Vergennes as undoubtedly 
containing a strain of Vinifera. 
6 Ives is considered by Munson and the authors of the Bushberg catalogue as pure Labrusca, while 
Hedrick considers it a Labrusea-aestivalis hybrid. . 
6 This is Hedrick’s statement (SO, p. 890), the Bushberg catalogue (IS, p. Ill) states that Iona is a 
seedling of Catawba. . 
7 The Bushberg catalogue lists both Cynthiana and Norton as pure Aestivalis, to which Munson agrees. 
6 The Bushberg catalogue (10, p. 99), calls Eumelan an Aestivalis, remarking that it was designated as 
Labrusca in the first edition by a typographical error and that the error has been widely copied. 
