Timber values. —For valuing dam¬ 
ages in terms of money, it seems 
advisable to use general figures where 
averages are concerned, and not to 
attempt too great detail in the process. 
It is considered that practically the 
same loss is suffered in case of destruc¬ 
tion of a given quantity of a given 
species in a given region, whether the 
particular stand destroyed is accessible 
to present logging operations, or 
whether it is less accessible and conse¬ 
quently of less immediate market value. 
To put a low estimate on the value of 
more remote timber would result in 
low estimates of liability, and therefore 
in less intensive protection and possible 
large losses of timber. This would 
dnfeat one of the important objects of 
the national forests, viz, to preserve 
the less accessible timber until it is 
needed by the country. Moreover, no 
one can tell what such stumpage may 
be worth by the time it becomes mar¬ 
ketable. If a stand of timber is de¬ 
stroyed the loss is not merely the value 
of the timber as such, but includes also 
its value as part of the productive 
forest capital. The destruction of a 
million board feet, wherever located, 
reduces the forest capital and therefore 
the potential annual yield of the region. 
For the purposes of this study, there¬ 
fore, arbitrary stumpage values were 
taken, based largely on appraised or 
bid prices in large timber sales during 
the past several years, and supple¬ 
mented by arbitrary estimates where 
such basis was lacking (Table VIII). In 
order to apply these figures in estimat¬ 
ing damage in different forest types, 
which usually contain a mixture of 
species, composite values by types were 
set, based on assumed proportions of 
the different species in the mixture. 
Value of young growth. —The 
problem of valuing young growth is a 
very complex one, and can be solved 
satisfactorily only after a great deal of 
intensive silvicultural research. Ex¬ 
pectation values are purely theoretical, 
and basis for estimating them is lack¬ 
ing, since our knowledge of yields, rota¬ 
tions, costs of management, and even 
methods of management, is still almost 
nil. Cost values, according to stand¬ 
ard formulae, based on any costs to 
which large-scale reforestation opera¬ 
tions may be reduced, will in very 
many, perhaps most, cases give greater 
values for young growth than the 
present values of fully stocked stands 
of mature timber on the same sites. 
Except for a few types and regions, 
reforestation costs fixed on the basis 
of past and present experience are far 
too high, and probably do not repre¬ 
sent at all what the costs will be when 
Table VIII.— Basic stumpage values used for estimating damage done to merchantable 
timber , by species and types 
Species 
Values ° 
Western yellow pine- 
Sugar pine_ _- 
$2 (2), $2.25 (3), $2.50 (4, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19), $2.75 (7, 8), $3 (6, 11, 16, 17, 20). 
$3.50 (6, 7), $4 (16). Norway pine, $4.50 (21). 
Western $3 (2), $3.50 (4), $4 (3). Eastern, $5.50 (21). , 
$1 (3), $1.25 (4, 6, 7, 8), $1.50 (1, 2, 12, 13, 16, 17), $1.75 (5, 9), $2 (10, 14, 15), $2.25 
(18,19,20). 
$1.25 (3, 4, 8), $1.50 (2). Eastern larch, $2 (21). 
$0.50 (1, 6, 7, 8, 9), $0.75 (2, 4, 5), $1 (3, 10, 12, 13), $1.25 (16), $1.50 (14, 15), $2 (19, 
21) $2 25 (18 20) 
$1 (8), $1.50 (l/2, 5’,9), $1.75 (3, 4, 6, 12), $2 (10, 12, 14, 21), $2.25 (18, 19 20) 
$1.50 (2), $1.75 (1, 9, 12), $2 (3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15), $3 (6). Jack pine, $2 (21). 
$<k75 4, RC), $1.25 (16, IC), $1.50 (2, RC), $2 (5, RC). 
$1(12,13,14,15). 
$0.25 (6, 7, 8), $0.30 (12), $0.40 (18, 19), $0.50 (14, 15, 16, 17, 20). 
White pine_ 
Douglas fir _ _ 
Western larch- 
Firs (Abies species)_ 
Spruce _ - _ 
Lodgepole pine_ _ 
Western hemlock___ 
Cedar (incense and red) _. 
Aspen __- 
Pinon-juniper, oak, etc . b . 
Type 
Values « 
Yellow pine^ including 
sugar pine, etc. 
Douglas fir, and larch— 
fir. 
Lodgepole pine_ - 
$2 (2), $2.20 (12), $2.25 (3), $2.40 (8), $2.50 (4, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19), $2.60 (6), $2.70 (7), 
$3 (11 16 20) 
$1 40 (6,’8),’$1.50 (1, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13), $1.75 (2, 9), $2 (10, 14, 15), $2.50 (18, 19, 20). 
$1.50 (2, 16), $1.60 (8, 9), $1.75 (1, 4, 7, 12), $2 (3, 6, 10, 13, 14, 15, 19). Jack pine 
$2 (21) 
$0.75 (6, 7), $0.80 (8), $1 (5), $1.20 (9), $1.25 (4), $1.50 (2, 3,13,15,16, 17), $1.60 (14), 
$1.75 (12), $2 (10), $2.25 (18, 19, 20). Eastern, $2 (21). 
Western, $3.25 (2, 3), Eastern, $5 (21). 
$0.50 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9,16,17), $1 (10,12), $1.50 (15), $1.60 (14), $2.25 (18, 19, 20). 
Spruce and fir, including 
hemlock, etc. 
White pine __ 
Subalpine... - 
Woodland. 
Open_ 
$0.50 (6, 7) (equivalent to $0.25 per cord). $1 (13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20). 
$0.50 (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13), $0.60 (12), $1 (14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20). 
Regions in parentheses. 
b These prices are per cord. 
