gifl&AL INVESTIGATIONS. 
64 
Journal of Agricultural Research 
Vol. XXXI, No. I 
emulsion were applied on budded orange trees. To one tank of each 
was added 8 ounces of calcium caseinate, one load of each not having 
this material. The calcium caseinate made the spray spread better 
when it was being applied and it was a much smoother material; 
but on the following day there could be observed no difference in the 
way the respective sprays had spread and dried on the foliage. 
Apparently there was just as even a film of oil on one plot as on tne 
other. From this test there is some question whether it is profitable 
to add calcium caseinate to kaolin emulsion. 
KAOLIN AND FULLER'S EARTH LIME-SULPHUR OIL EMULSION 
Kaolin lime-sulphur oil emulsion was used on August 27 to spray 
some young orange trees, at the rate of 1gallons to each 50 gallons 
of spray. This gave a 1-50 lime-sulphur solution and a 1 per cent 
oil, the normal dilution for both when applied separately. These 
three 50-gallon loads mixed very satisfactorily and came out of the 
machine nicely. The spray seemed to spread over the fruit and 
foliage evenly, but did not have the smooth appearance of the soap 
emulsions. No injury was apparent 24 hours after spraying, but 8 
days later it was observed that considerable shedding of foliage had 
taken place. The foliage shed, however, consisted mainly of old 
leaves. Some fruit also was damaged on the upper surfaces. At 
first this appeared to be excessive, but it is doubtful that more than 
50 fruits were damaged on the entire plot which received the 150 
gallons of material. The injury, however, was greater than good 
grove practice would allow. 
Two loads of 50 gallons each of fuller’s earth lime-sulphur oil 
emulsion were sprayed on oranges on August 27, 1923, one with and 
one without the addition of calcium caseinate. This made the dilu¬ 
tions of the lime-sulphur and oil emulsion the same as is frequently 
used in grove practice.. 
No injury was noticed at the expiration of 24 hours, but 8 days 
after spraying defoliation was very severe, much of the fruit had been 
burned on the side toward the sun and many limbs one-half inch in 
diameter and smaller were dead. The injury resembled that which 
usually follows applications of sulphonated oil on citrus trees and fruit. 
After such severe injury it was thought best to discontinue further 
work on this formula. Fuller’s earth and kaolin emulsion (made 
with water instead of lime-sulphur solution) were used on the same 
day without any injurious results. 
DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING KAOLIN OR FULLER'S EMULSION IN 
LARGE QUANTITIES 
To make 3 barrels of emulsion put 50 gallons of water in the clean 
tank of a power sprayer and add 133 pounds of kaolin or fuller’s 
earth to the water; let the water act upon the clay for one-half hour, 
or until it is completely saturated. Up to this point no stirring 
whatever should be done, as stirring retards complete dispersion of the 
kaolin by forming an apparently impervious coating around the 
larger lumps. Add 100 gallons of oil oi the desired consistency. As 
soon as the clay is completely dispersed start the agitator and pump. 
The mixture should be pumped into another container and then 
pumped back again, or pumped directly back into the original tank 
