1903.] 
35 
[.W. Irvine— The Later Mughats • 
Labor, numerous villages between Dihli and Ambalah, the town of 
Jalalabad, the city of Farrukhabad, and other places in the Jamnah— 
Ganges Duabah, also many villages and towns in Rohilkhand, come to 
mind at once. But the Af gh ans, in spite of their numbers and their 
hold on the land, hardly played any part in the political history of the day 
until ’All Muhammad Khan. Daudzai, established himself as a ruler in 
Bareli and Anwalah, and Muhammad Khan, Bangash did the same in 
Farrukhabad. But, after the fifteen years’ rule of Sher Shah and his 
successors (1540-1555), the Af gh ans were much prized as valiant soldiers. 
Their weakness was too great love of money, and too great a readiness 
to desert one employer for another, if he made a higher bid. They 
were too rough and illiterate to obtain much distinction in civil life. It 
is said that during Shahjahan’s reign (1627-1658), Af gh ans were dis¬ 
couraged and employed as seldom as possible. It was not until ‘Alamgir 
began his campaign in the Dakhin (1681-1707) that they again found 
favour, those nobles who had Afghan soldiers receiving the most con¬ 
sideration. 1 ' b 
S3 
Other foreigners, serving in small numbers in the Mu gh al service, 
were the Arabs, Habshis, Rumis, and Farangis. As soldiers these men 
were found almost entirely in the artillery. Arabs were, of course, 
from Arabia itself; Habshis 2 came from Africa, mostly negroes; Rumis 
were Mahomedans from Constantinople or elsewhere in the Turkish 
empire; Farangi, that is Frank, was the name of any European. 
Eunuchs were generally of Habshi race, and the chief police officer of 
Dihli was frequently a Habshi. There were some Frank, or Farangi, 
physicians ; one of the name of Martin, or Martin Khan, probably a 
Frenchman, died at Dihli about the middle of the eighteenth century, 
after living there for many years. 
In opposition to the Mughal or foreign, was the home-bom or 
Hindustani party. It was made up of Mahomedans born in India, 
many of them descended in the second or third generation from foreign 
immigrants. Men like the Sayyads of Barhah, for .instance, whose 
ancestors had settled in India many generations before, came, of course, 
under the description of Hindustani or Hindustan-za (Indian-born). To 
this class also belonged all the Rajput and Jat chiefs, and other power¬ 
ful Hindu landowners. Naturally, too, the very numerous and in¬ 
dustrious body of Hindus, who filled all the. subordinate offices of a 
civil nature, attached themselves to the same side. Panjab Khatris 
were very numerous iu this official class ; nost of the rest were Agarwal 
tf , • • „ f . . _ . _ r * ... • - r . 
1 Bhlm Sen, 173b. 
2 Habsh is tlie name for Abyssinia, but the name Habshi was need in a more 
general sense for all Africans. • . 
